建筑材料放射性测量中存在的技术问题

阐述了GB 50325-2001《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》中存在的问题,指出该规范仅对建筑材料放射性的测量不确定度D(当K=1时,D≤20%)提出了要求,未对测量时间、仪器测量下限和放射性物质特征峰漂移提出要求.实验证明,这些存在的问题对建筑材料放射性测量数据的准确性有影响.     

强风环境非平稳风速模型及应用

提出了强风环境非平稳风速分析模型。该模型将风速记录分解为时变平均风和零均值平稳脉动风分量两部分,给出了经验模型法确定时变平均风的步骤并重新定义了风特性参数的计算公式。分别采用非平稳和平稳风速模型进行了1 851小时实测强风资料的风特性参数计算并做了对比分析。结果显示非平稳模型计算得到的紊流强度和积分尺度较平稳模型小,而平均风速及相干函数的衰减系数则相当接近,非平稳模型较平稳模型更适合描述强风特性。     

Precision Measurements from Very-Large Scale Aerial Digital Imagery

Managers need measurements and resource managers need the length/width of a variety of items including that of animals, logs, streams, plant canopies, man-made objects, riparian habitat, vegetation patches and other things important in resource monitoring and land inspection. These types of measurements can now be easily and accurately obtained from very large scale aerial (VLSA) imagery having spatial resolutions as fine as 1 millimeter per pixel by using the three new software programs described here. VLSA images have small fields of view and are used for intermittent sampling across extensive landscapes. Pixel-coverage among images is influenced by small changes in airplane altitude above ground level (AGL) and orientation relative to the ground, as well as by changes in topography. These factors affect the object-to-camera distance used for image-resolution calculations. ‘ImageMeasurement’ offers a user-friendly interface for accounting for pixel-coverage variation among images by utilizing a database. ‘LaserLOG’ records and displays airplane altitude AGL measured from a high frequency laser rangefinder, and displays the vertical velocity. ‘Merge’ sorts through large amounts of data generated by LaserLOG and matches precise airplane altitudes with camera trigger times for input to the ImageMeasurement database. We discuss application of these tools, including error estimates. We found measurements from aerial images (collection resolution: 5–26 mm/pixel as projected on the ground) using ImageMeasurement, LaserLOG, and Merge, were accurate to centimeters with an error less than 10%. We recommend these software packages as a means for expanding the utility of aerial image data.     

厦门酸雨的区域分布及降雨过程分析

测定了厦门市几个代表点1993年3月至7月间雨样的pH值,并用ICP－AES方法测定了S、Ca、Mg等元素的浓度,实验结果表明,各区域雨样的pH值不仅与致酸污染物的排放(主要表现在S元素浓度上)有关,而且受到该区域的地理条件的影响,体现出酸雨的形成是致酸因素与致碱因素互相平衡制约的结果的一般规律。根据单场雨的分段分析数据,总结出pH值随降雨过程变化的几种模式,并分析了其成因。      

改装 Model 42S 化学发光氮氧化物仪测定大气中NO-NOx-NOy

将美国Ｍｏｄｅｌ４２Ｓ化学发光ＮＯ－ＮＯｘ测定仪改装为ＮＯ－ＮＯｘ－ＮＯｙ同机测量．使用ＮＨ４ＮＯ３标定了不锈钢ＮＯｙ转化器．在６６０±１０℃,不锈钢转化器对ＨＮＯ３和ＮＨ３的转化效率分别为１００％和８０％—９０％．在该温度下,没有发现Ｎ２Ｏ被不锈钢转化器转化为ＮＯ．改装后仪器的分辨率、检测限、响应速率和线性度均未改变．根据对ＨＮＯ３的研究结果,该仪器的ＮＯｙ转化器带来的测量误差不大于５％．使用改装后的仪器连续测定了大气中的ＮＯ－ＮＯｘ－ＮＯｙ,得到可靠、合理的数据     

软岩大断面隧道二次衬砌支护时机的选择研究

为探明软岩大断面隧道开挖后围岩的变形与支护时机的相关关系,利用监控测量数据反演分析中获得的蠕变参数,校正ABAQUS的D-P蠕变模型;在此基础上建立数值计算模型,对具有代表性的围岩进口浅埋段、出口浅埋段和洞身段进行了相关的数值分析,研究软岩大断面隧道岩体的变形规律和支护时机之间的关系;通过埋设现场监控量测点对二衬支护时机的结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:出口和进口浅埋段的V级围岩,开挖后岩体的变形速率大、时间短,选择以最终位移量的80%为最佳支护时机,二衬的最佳支护时机为隧道开挖支护后的15 d左右;洞身段IV级围岩具有变形速率小、时间长,以最终位移量的90%为最佳支护时机,洞身段二衬的最佳支护时机为隧道开挖支护后的30 d左右。现场验证表明,选择的二次衬砌支护的时机是可行的。     

大连市生态遥感野外核查照片管理系统设计及应用

在生态环境遥感解译野外核查中,获取了大量的照片数据集,为充分发挥这些照片在遥感解译中的作用,开发野外核查照片管理系统对这些照片进行统一管理。该系统实现了照片文件名自动重编码、照片数据库管理、照片地物空间定位等功能,实现了野外核查照片与遥感标准假彩色影像关联,为掌握遥感解译标志和积累先验遥感解译知识提供了训练平台。     

环境监测现场采样质量控制的措施和建议

现阶段我国的环境问题越来越严重,监测环境也有着越来越重要的任务。监测环境的主要目的是使用有效监测方法获得环境信息,使用科学的方法服务于环境管理工作。但因为环境监测工作具有一定的复杂性,如果有一个环节出现问题,都会影响监测结果的准确性。现阶段,在实验室内部开展的质量控制工作取得了良好成果,但现场采样依旧存在着一定问题,这会在很大程度上影响监测结果的准确性。因此本文围绕环境监测现场中的质量控制进行讨论。     

Anthropometric study of emergency medical services providers (EMSP) in the United States

Introduction: Design of next-generation ambulance patient compartment requires up-to date anthropometric data of emergency medical service providers (EMSP). Currently, no such data exist in the U.S. A large-scale anthropometric study of EMSP in the U.S. were conducted. This report provided the summary statistics (means, standard deviation, and percentiles) of the study’s results and examined the anthropometric differences between the EMSP dataset and the U.S. general population, and between the EMSP dataset and U.S. military personnel dataset, respectively. Method: An anthropometric study of 471 male and 161 female EMSP from across the continental US was conducted, using a sampling strategy that took into account age, sex, and race strata. Results: On average, male EMSP were found to be 18 mm taller and 7 kg heavier than US male general population, and 19 mm taller and 11 kg heavier than US male military personnel. Female EMSP were found to be 25 mm taller than US female general population, and 10 kg heavier than US female military personnel. Conclusions: These results showed that it would be inappropriate to apply general population or military data to the design of next-generation ambulance patient compartment. This new dataset provided the most recent and accurate EMSP anthropometric measurements available in the US. Practical Application: Data from this study provided an invaluable resource for the design of next-generation ambulances in the US.     

基于职能特征分类的政府部门安全生产绩效测量评估机制研究

政府部门工作绩效测量是对政府部门工作开展的效率、效益、公平、秩序等方面进行评估,安全生产工作作为政府部门的主要工作职责,应当开展科学合理的绩效评估。基于政府职能部门的职能划分,分析其在履行职责、责任落实等方面的典型特征,进行绩效评估对象的分类,针对各类部门确定评估指标设计思路,建立评估结果测算模型,设计绩效测量流程,并在华东某省进行实证应用。基于职能特征分类的政府部门安全生产绩效测量评估机制的建立,能够科学、客观分析政府部门安全生产工作落实情况,促进党委政府领导责任、部门监管责任、企业责任、员工责任的层层压实。