The ionic compositions of fine and coarse particle fractions in the two urban areas of Korea

The ionic composition of PM2.5 and PM10 was investigated using PM samples collected from Seoul and Busan during the winter of 2002. Based on the measurement data, we attempted to investigate the relative roles of different source processes in the composition of airborne particles at the two distinct urban areas. According to our measurements, the major components of both PM fractions were clearly distinguished from each other at the two different sites. It was found that the ionic concentrations in coarse fractions were generally compatible with each other at the two sites (NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), NSSS, etc.). However, differences in their concentration levels were significant in the fine fractions and their mass concentration levels in Seoul exhibit threefold enhancement relative to Busan. The results further indicated that anthropogenic signatures were generally more evident in the fine rather than coarse fractions at both sites. However, a comparison of the coarse fraction data indicated the dominance of natural (oceanic) processes at the Busan site and conservative relationships among the different ionic components. The results of the back trajectory analysis confirmed that air mass movement patterns influence the ionic compositions of PM across different particle fractions and between different study sites.     

Antarctic krill fishery effects over penguin populations under adverse climate conditions: Implications for the management of fishing practices

Fast climate changes in the western Antarctic Peninsula are reducing krill density, which along with increased fishing activities in recent decades, may have had synergistic effects on penguin populations. We tested that assumption by crossing data on fishing activities and Southern Annular Mode (an indicator of climate change in Antarctica) with penguin population data. Increases in fishing catch during the non-breeding period were likely to result in impacts on both chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus) and gentoo (P. papua) populations. Catches and climate change together elevated the probability of negative population growth rates: very high fishing catch on years with warm winters and low sea ice (associated with negative Southern Annular Mode values) implied a decrease in population size in the following year. The current management of krill fishery in the Southern Ocean takes into account an arbitrary and fixed catch limit that does not reflect the variability of the krill population under effects of climate change, therefore affecting penguin populations when the environmental conditions were not favorable.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01386-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Evaluation of carrying capacity of city clusters in China with the example of the Blue Economic Zone of Shandong Peninsula

The conflict between city development and urban carrying capacity is getting ever prominent. In order to study and predict the restriction factors and prominent problems in the development of the Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone as well as promote the transfer of economic development pattern in this region, this study starts from four single factor carrying capacity indicators of water, earth, transportation and environment in the city and its comprehensive carrying capacity indicator, evaluates and analyzes its carrying capacity and then papooses policy suggestions for improving its carrying capacity.     

Use of Coarse‐Resolution Models of Species’ Distributions to Guide Local Conservation Inferences

Abstract: Distribution models are used increasingly for species conservation assessments over extensive areas, but the spatial resolution of the modeled data and, consequently, of the predictions generated directly from these models are usually too coarse for local conservation applications. Comprehensive distribution data at finer spatial resolution, however, require a level of sampling that is impractical for most species and regions. Models can be downscaled to predict distribution at finer resolutions, but this increases uncertainty because the predictive ability of models is not necessarily consistent beyond their original scale. We analyzed the performance of downscaled, previously published models of environmental favorability (a generalized linear modeling technique) for a restricted endemic insectivore, the Iberian desman (Galemys pyrenaicus), and a more widespread carnivore, the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), in the Iberian Peninsula. The models, built from presence–absence data at 10 × 10 km resolution, were extrapolated to a resolution 100 times finer (1 × 1 km). We compared downscaled predictions of environmental quality for the two species with published data on local observations and on important conservation sites proposed by experts. Predictions were significantly related to observed presence or absence of species and to expert selection of sampling sites and important conservation sites. Our results suggest the potential usefulness of downscaled projections of environmental quality as a proxy for expensive and time‐consuming field studies when the field studies are not feasible. This method may be valid for other similar species if coarse‐resolution distribution data are available to define high‐quality areas at a scale that is practical for the application of concrete conservation measures.     

胶东半岛湖泊面积对气候变化的响应

湖泊是陆地水圈的重要组成部分,不仅参与自然界水循环,而且具有提供水源、调节洪水、维持生态环境健康等功能,研究湖泊面积的动态变化特征,探讨湖泊面积动态对气候变化的响应对水资源的合理利用及生态环境保护具有重要的现实意义。以胶东半岛为研究区,基于1985—2017年的Landsat遥感影像数据为数据源,提取了胶东半岛近33年的湖泊面积和数量信息,揭示了胶东半岛湖泊水体面积变化特征及其对气候变化的响应关系。结果显示：1985—2017年,胶东半岛湖泊面积和湖泊数量均呈波动减少趋势,分别减少100.02 km²和79个。[0.01, 0.1) km²等级的湖泊面积表现为波动增加趋势,其他等级的湖泊面积均表现为波动减少趋势,≥10 km²等级的湖泊面积下降最明显。胶东半岛湖泊面积与降水呈正相关,显著水平均在0.05以上;湖泊面积与气温呈负相关,未达显著水平。胶东半岛影响湖泊面积突变的降水量阈值为626.9 mm左右。低于626.9 mm,湖泊面积随降水量减少而急剧下降;高于626.9 mm,湖泊面积随降水量增加而稳定增长。“引黄济青”工程对大型湖泊面积变化具有重要影响,且极大地缓解了烟威地区的旱情,对胶东半岛自然生态环境和社会经济的可持续发展发挥了重要作用。     

Landscape evaluation in environmental assessment and land use planning

Landscape is equated with the term scenery and is considered as an environmental resource. The need for an evaluation of scenery in environmental assessment statements is outlined. Three established methods of landscape evaluation are tested in a section of the Niagara Peninsula of southern Ontario. The methods are compared in terms of the nature of results produced and the time/manpower requirements for field data collection. The amenability of the methods to analysis from a cartographic data base is also considered. The simpler Newkirk and Linton methods produce readily useable data quickly, whereas the Leopold method not only yields data on scenic resources but can also be used to relate such results to other environmental attributes and processes.     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛岛弧火山岩氧同位素组成

南极菲尔德斯半岛岛弧火山岩,除个别明显受蚀变影响的样品外,大多数样品的δ~(18)O值变化范围为4.81-7.59‰,显示出其玄武岩浆为上地幔衍生岩浆,结晶分异起着主导的作用。在同一类型的岩石中,δ~(18)O值的差异与岩石的蚀变程度有关,δ~(18)O值随蚀变的增强而升高。     

雷州半岛岭北地区地下水水文地球化学特征

地下水是雷州半岛重要的供水水源.本研究在雷州半岛岭北地区开展了水化学和氢氧稳定同位素调查,报道了区域地下水水化学特征;基于水化学及同位素地球化学理论和方法揭示了控制水质的主要水文地球化学过程.结果表明,地下水pH、总硬度、TDS以及K⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^-质量浓度较低;H₂SiO₃和NO₃^-质量浓度较高.孔洞裂隙水水化学类型以Mg-Ca-HCO₃和Mg-Ca-HCO₃-Cl型为主,Cl^-沿径流方向增加明显;浅层孔隙水以Ca-Cl、Na-Ca-HCO₃-Cl和Na-Ca-Mg-HCO₃-Cl型为主;中深层孔隙水以Mg-Ca-HCO₃、Na-Ca-Mg-HCO₃和K-Na-HCO₃-SO₄型为主,K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^-沿径流方向有所增加.地下水受大气降水补给,Cl^-和Na⁺起源于海洋性大气降水,Mg⁺、Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-源自硅酸盐矿物水解,NO₃^-主要来自化学肥料;浅层孔隙水、裂隙孔洞水受蒸发浓缩作用影响,中深层孔隙水受阳离子交换作用影响.计入硝酸盐后,50.85%的NO₃型水指示着地下水具有污染趋势.本研究结果为可持续开发利用区域地下水提供了依据.     

Assessing the effects of pseudo-absences on predictive distribution model performance

Modelling species distributions with presence data from atlases, museum collections and databases is challenging. In this paper, we compare seven procedures to generate pseudo-absence data, which in turn are used to generate GLM-logistic regressed models when reliable absence data are not available. We use pseudo-absences selected randomly or by means of presence-only methods (ENFA and MDE) to model the distribution of a threatened endemic Iberian moth species (Graellsia isabelae). The results show that the pseudo-absence selection method greatly influences the percentage of explained variability, the scores of the accuracy measures and, most importantly, the degree of constraint in the distribution estimated. As we extract pseudo-absences from environmental regions further from the optimum established by presence data, the models generated obtain better accuracy scores, and over-prediction increases. When variables other than environmental ones influence the distribution of the species (i.e., non-equilibrium state) and precise information on absences is non-existent, the random selection of pseudo-absences or their selection from environmental localities similar to those of species presence data generates the most constrained predictive distribution maps, because pseudo-absences can be located within environmentally suitable areas. This study shows that if we do not have reliable absence data, the method of pseudo-absence selection strongly conditions the obtained model, generating different model predictions in the gradient between potential and realized distributions.     

雷州半岛桉树人工林地力退化的成因与防治措施

通过对雷州半岛桉树人工林大面积土壤调查研究和多点田间试验,揭示了桉树人工林地力退化的成因,提出了可行的防治措施。其退化成因是桉树人工林生态系统本身的脆弱性、水土流失严重、人为因素对生物积累过程的干扰、桉树全树利用方式、耕垦的不适当以及林地养分收支严重失衡。其防治措施是增加桉树人工林生物多样性、回归林地调落于土壤、应用适当的采伐利用方式和采伐剩余物的处理方式。