中国第1个天线时域近场测量系统

介绍了天线近场测量的历史以及中国第1个天线时域近场测量系统的建立过程和系统组成.指出时基修正和幅度修正技术是天线近场测量由理论向工程实际转化的关键技术,介绍了修正系统的构成和基本计算方法,并给出了修正前后测量结果的对比.在频域近场技术的背景下对时域近场的技术特点进行了分析,指出了天线时域近场测量技术的独到之处和应用前景.     

宁东能源化工基地核心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的空间分布特征、源解析及风险评价

为了解宁东能源化工基地核心区表层土壤多环芳烃的污染现状,按网格布点法在宁东能源化工基地核心区采集了146个代表性表层土壤样品,分析了16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量.结果表明,16种优控PAHs均检出,表层土壤中ΣPAHs含量介于ND~123.12mg·kg^-1之间,平均值为10.19mg·kg^-1;空间上存在3个PAHs高含量区,为研究区的西北部、西南部以及东部,且不同PAHs区域分异性显著;源解析表明宁东基地PAHs污染为混合源,石油污染、燃煤、交通污染及汽油源对ΣPAHs的贡献分别为39.4%、33.3%、19.2%和8.1%;质量基准与质量标准法生态风险评价表明,该区域PAHs产生的生态影响较小,出现负面生态效应的可能性较低;健康风险评价结果表明,该区域土壤PAHs对于不同年龄段的人群不存在潜在的致癌风险,主要的暴露途径是皮肤接触 > 误食 > 呼吸吸入.     

杭州市区蔬菜基地蔬菜重金属含量研究

通过对杭州市区主要蔬菜基地蔬菜中8种重金属含量监测分析与评价，结果表明，江干区蔬菜基地除茄果类蔬菜外，其他种类蔬菜中部分重金属指标均存在超标现象。下沙经济开发区蔬菜基地蔬菜中重金属含量均未超标。     

An agenda for assessing and improving conservation impacts of sustainability standards in tropical agriculture

Sustainability standards and certification serve to differentiate and provide market recognition to goods produced in accordance with social and environmental good practices, typically including practices to protect biodiversity. Such standards have seen rapid growth, including in tropical agricultural commodities such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil, soybeans, and tea. Given the role of sustainability standards in influencing land use in hotspots of biodiversity, deforestation, and agricultural intensification, much could be gained from efforts to evaluate and increase the conservation payoff of these schemes. To this end, we devised a systematic approach for monitoring and evaluating the conservation impacts of agricultural sustainability standards and for using the resulting evidence to improve the effectiveness of such standards over time. The approach is oriented around a set of hypotheses and corresponding research questions about how sustainability standards are predicted to deliver conservation benefits. These questions are addressed through data from multiple sources, including basic common information from certification audits; field monitoring of environmental outcomes at a sample of certified sites; and rigorous impact assessment research based on experimental or quasi‐experimental methods. Integration of these sources can generate time‐series data that are comparable across sites and regions and provide detailed portraits of the effects of sustainability standards. To implement this approach, we propose new collaborations between the conservation research community and the sustainability standards community to develop common indicators and monitoring protocols, foster data sharing and synthesis, and link research and practice more effectively. As the role of sustainability standards in tropical land‐use governance continues to evolve, robust evidence on the factors contributing to effectiveness can help to ensure that such standards are designed and implemented to maximize benefits for biodiversity conservation.     

The case for policy‐relevant conservation science

Drawing on the “evidence‐based” (Sutherland et al. 2013) versus “evidence‐informed” debate (Adams & Sandbrook 2013), which has become prominent in conservation science, I argue that science can be influential if it holds a dual reference (Lentsch & Weingart 2011) that contributes to the needs of policy makers whilst maintaining technical rigor. In line with such a strategy, conservation scientists are increasingly recognizing the usefulness of constructing narratives through which to enhance the influence of their evidence (Leslie et al. 2013; Lawton & Rudd 2014). Yet telling stories alone is rarely enough to influence policy; instead, these narratives must be policy relevant. To ensure that evidence is persuasive alongside other factors in a complex policy‐making process, conservation scientists could follow 2 steps: reframe within salient political contexts and engage more productively in boundary work, which is defined as the ways in which scientists “construct, negotiate, and defend the boundary between science and policy” (Owens et al. 2006:640). These will both improve the chances of evidence‐informed conservation policy.     

Loss of an ecological baseline through the eradication of oyster reefs from coastal ecosystems and human memory

Oyster reefs form over extensive areas and the diversity and productivity of sheltered coasts depend on them. Due to the relatively recent population growth of coastal settlements in Australia, we were able to evaluate the collapse and extirpation of native oyster reefs (Ostrea angasi) over the course of a commercial fishery. We used historical records to quantify commercial catch of O. angasi in southern Australia from early colonization, around 1836, to some of the last recorded catches in 1944 and used our estimates of catch and effort to map their past distribution and assess oyster abundance over 180 years. Significant declines in catch and effort occurred from 1886 to 1946 and no native oyster reefs occur today, but historically oyster reefs extended across more than 1,500 km of coastline. That oyster reefs were characteristic of much of the coastline of South Australia from 1836 to 1910 appears not to be known because there is no contemporary consideration of their ecological and economic value. Based on the concept of a shifted baseline, we consider this contemporary state to reflect a collective, intergenerational amnesia. Our model of generational amnesia accounts for differences in intergenerational expectations of food, economic value, and ecosystem services of nearshore areas. An ecological system that once surrounded much of the coast and possibly the past presence of oyster reefs altogether may be forgotten and could not only undermine progress towards their recovery, but also reduce our expectations of these coastal ecosystems. La Pérdida de una Línea de Base Ecológica por Medio de la Erradicación de Arrecifes de Ostión de los Ecosistemas Costeros y la Memoria Humana     

Pollution performance of firms from pulp and paper industries

The water pollution emissions by 13 of the largest pulp and paper companies, developed on the basis of monthly reports filed with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by these companies, indicate a wide disparity in the amount of pollution discharged by them into the nation's waterways. Furthermore, the net discharge of pollution in waterways by all firms is positive, which indicates that all the firms in the study pollute the nation's waterways to some degree. Information presented in this study will be useful for public issues, such as evaluating the effectiveness of the Clean Water Act, government's water pollution policy and abatement strategy, and management's effectiveness in abating water pollution.     

试论黄淮海地区的自然资源及国家级作物商品基地的建设

根据中国主要农业区——黄淮海地区的自然和社会经济条件,分析了该区小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花等在气候-土壤生态适应性的基础上,采用逐级生产力估算方法,计算出四大作物的商品量,论证了该地区建设为全国性四大作物商品基地的可能性。     

大亚湾海洋生物体中的砷

为也了解大亚湾海洋生物体Ａｓ含量的背景水平，１９９３年大亚湾１５个测站采集了海洋样品，对其Ａｓ含量进行了测定和评价。鱼类，甲索类，头足类和贝类Ａｓ含量的平均值分别为０．４５×１０＾－６，４．７０×１０＾－６，２．２８×１０＾－６和５．５７×１０＾－６，表现出明显的种类间差异。     

关于抚顺市发展循环经济的探讨

从抚顺市发展循环经济的必要性出发，阐述了抚顺市发展循环经济的基础优势，并对抚顺市发展循环经济的具体举措，例如，建设矿业集团生态工业园区；建设李石经济开发区精细化工园区；建设循环经济社会等方面进行了探讨。