滑移隔震结构非线性反应的动力相似性研究

滑移隔震结构地震反应的分析和计算可通过滑移隔震结构非线性反应谱进行简化。由于非线性体系不能采用叠加原理,参数较多,所建立的非线性反应谱比较繁琐。本文通过对滑移隔震体系地震反应方程的变换,研究了滑移隔震体系地震反应中的动力相似关系。研究表明,滑移隔震体系虽然不符合叠加原理,但通过其中的动力相似关系,任何输入幅值下滑移隔震结构的任何反应都可由某一固定输入幅值下隔震结构相应反应经修正得到,理论上这种修正是不含任何误差的。利用该动力相似关系,滑移隔震结构体系非线性反应谱可得到极大简化。     

黄土高原中尺度流域基流变化驱动因素分析

针对黄土高原基流的动态变化特征和驱动因素问题,以昕水河流域为例,采用数字滤波法（3次,α=0.925）分割基流,利用Mann-Kendall、Pettitt、小波分析和Hurst法分析该流域基流的趋势性、突变性、周期性和持续性特点,采用双累积曲线法对基流变化驱动因素进行分析。结果表明,昕水河流域多年平均基流量为0.45亿m³,基流指数为0.368;流域年基流量呈显著下降趋势（P<0.01）,在1985年发生突变;基流变化周期为27年,预计未来基流仍有进一步减少趋势（H>0.50）。流域降水和人类活动是基流变化的根本原因,人类活动通过植被覆盖度的变化、地下水的开发、煤矿开采和水土保持措施等方式影响基流。与第一阶段相比,第二、第三阶段降水和人类活动对基流的影响比例分别为25.89%、74.11%和0.37%、99.63%。进入21世纪,人类活动逐渐成为影响基流变化的主要因素。     

GSM移动通信基站对周围环境电磁辐射影响

按照《辐射环境保护管理导则—电磁辐射环境影响评价方法与标准》(HJ/T10.3—1996)的有关规定,GSM移动通信基站电场强度的管理目标值为5.4 V/m,功率密度的管理目标值为8μW/cm2。在根据麦克斯韦电磁场理论确定远场区范围,结合基站天线运行的基本参数,以及在对垂直波瓣图进行拟合的基础上,通过《辐射环境保护管理导则——电磁辐射监测仪器和方法》(HJ/T 10.2-1996)中的微波远场轴向功率密度计算公式计算GSM移动通信基站对周围环境的辐射水平进行预测。预测结果表明,基站周围的电磁辐射水平与天线的发射功率、公众活动区域与天线的高度差以及天线的主瓣方向关系密切。实际应用中可以通过减小发射功率,增加天线与公众活动区域的高度差以及调整天线的主瓣方向等措施来降低其对周围环境的影响,并通过制定有效的监测、管理计划和加强公众沟通,及时消除可能的电磁污染。     

Spatiotemporal trends of illegal activities from ranger‐collected data in a Ugandan national park

Within protected areas, biodiversity loss is often a consequence of illegal resource use. Understanding the patterns and extent of illegal activities is therefore essential for effective law enforcement and prevention of biodiversity declines. We used extensive data, commonly collected by ranger patrols in many protected areas, and Bayesian hierarchical models to identify drivers, trends, and distribution of multiple illegal activities within the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area (QECA), Uganda. Encroachment (e.g., by pastoralists with cattle) and poaching of noncommercial animals (e.g., snaring bushmeat) were the most prevalent illegal activities within the QECA. Illegal activities occurred in different areas of the QECA. Poaching of noncommercial animals was most widely distributed within the national park. Overall, ecological covariates, although significant, were not useful predictors for occurrence of illegal activities. Instead, the location of illegal activities in previous years was more important. There were significant increases in encroachment and noncommercial plant harvesting (nontimber products) during the study period (1999–2012). We also found significant spatiotemporal variation in the occurrence of all activities. Our results show the need to explicitly model ranger patrol effort to reduce biases from existing uncorrected or capture per unit effort analyses. Prioritization of ranger patrol strategies is needed to target illegal activities; these strategies are determined by protected area managers, and therefore changes at a site‐level can be implemented quickly. These strategies should also be informed by the location of past occurrences of illegal activity: the most useful predictor of future events. However, because spatial and temporal changes in illegal activities occurred, regular patrols throughout the protected area, even in areas of low occurrence, are also required.     

A comparative approach to assess drivers of success in mammalian conservation recovery programs

The outcomes of species recovery programs have been mixed; high‐profile population recoveries contrast with species‐level extinctions. Each conservation intervention has its own challenges, but to inform more effective management it is imperative to assess whether correlates of wider recovery program success or failure can be identified. To contribute to evidence‐based improvement of future conservation strategies, we conducted a global quantitative analysis of 48 mammalian recovery programs. We reviewed available scientific literature and conducted semistructured interviews with conservation professionals involved in different recovery programs to investigate ecological, management, and political factors associated with population recoveries or declines. Identifying and removing threats was significantly associated with increasing population trend and decreasing conservation dependence, emphasizing that populations are likely to continue to be compromised in the absence of effective threat mitigation and supporting the need for threat monitoring and adaptive management in response to new and potential threats. Lack of habitat and small population size were cited as limiting factors in 56% and 42% of recovery programs, respectively, and both were statistically associated with increased longer term dependence on conservation intervention, demonstrating the importance of increasing population numbers quickly and restoring and protecting habitat. Poor stakeholder coordination and management were also regularly cited by respondents as key weaknesses in recovery programs, indicating the importance of effective leadership and shared goals and management plans. Project outcomes were not influenced by biological or ecological variables such as body mass or habitat, which suggests that these insights into correlates of conservation success and failure are likely to be generalizable across mammals.     

应急准备知识库系统设计与实现——以演练方案为例

为解决应急准备过程中普遍存在的“知识断档”问题,提出设计与实现应急准备知识库系统的针对性解决方案,并以演练方案编制为例,从应用实践的角度出发,提出具体思路。定义“知识范畴-知识主体-知识点”3级层次架构,提出包含“输入提取、存储、维护更新、知识应用”在内的应急准备知识库系统定位,归纳由“用户、知识内容、使用场景、应用模式”所构成的应急准备知识库“四要素设计法”。其中,针对知识加工输出这一复杂需求,引入以方案模板设计和智能向导制作为核心的设计实现理念。研究结果为应急准备实操人员逐渐摆脱“知识断档”的困境,以及进一步强化应急准备整体能力,提供了一种可行的思路和方法。     

坚持深化教学改革努力培养应用型人才

本文从师资队伍建设、实验室建设、教学改革与管理、科技创新、毕业设计等五个方面，论述了如何加强专业建设，深化教学改革，提高教学质量，为社会培养厚基础、高素质、强能力、有特色的工程技术应用型人才。     

粤东中生代火山旋回划分及对比

本文在基本查明火山岩系地层层序及变化的基础上,将粤东地区中生代火山岩划分为上、下两个岩系,四个旋回,对各旋回特征作了简要总结,并进行了区域对比分析。     

环境数据库中的知识发现

介绍了数据库中知识发现的定义及其常用的发现方法，分析了数据库中知识发现的可能性和必要性，对能够发现的知识自理过程，可采用的方法进行了探讨。     

荒漠化指标体系设计原则的研究

通过对国内外指标体系在指标选取与数据获得 ,分级量化与准确性校验方面存在问题的分析 ,认为目前荒漠化的分等定级有相当多的成分是用土地的绝对景观状态代替相对退化 ,影响了荒漠化分布范围、危害程度和防治效益的准确评估。土地退化生态基准初始面与终极面的恢复和确定 ,是建立规范科学指标体系的前提 ,由此提出了设计指标体系系统的三原则 :不同的生物气候带对应的生态基准面决定不同指标体系的地带性原则 ;不同空间尺度和不同传感器的分辨率决定不同指标体系的层次性原则和以基于3S景观类型为核心指标的原则