浮顶油罐油气惰化防火防爆实验研究

对浮顶油罐的油气空间进行惰化,是一种新的油罐防火防爆方法。向浮顶油罐一、二次密封间的油气空间中加入氮气,可缩小浮顶油罐的一、二次密封之间环形空间油气的爆炸极限的范围。根据这一原理,通过模型实验对大型双重密封型浮顶油罐的油气空间进行了氮气惰化保护实验研究。实验结果表明油气空间内氮气的体积分数会随着氮气通入时间的增长而逐渐升高,油气的体积分数则逐渐降低。氮气通入开始一段时间,环形空间内氮气的体积分数会迅速上升,油气体积分数迅速下降。但随着氮气通入时间的增长,氮气体积分数的上升和油气体积分数的下降速度都会趋于平缓。另外当入口处氮气流量从27Nm3/h变化到54Nm3/h时,为使油气体积分数下降至油气爆炸下限1%所需氮气持续通入的时间也从300分钟左右下降至200分钟左右。     

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON WATER QUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM FOUR SELECTED RESIDENTIAL ROOFS1

ABSTRACT: Storm runoff from four characteristic types of residential roofs and incident rainwater were monitored for 47 storm events over a six-month period at Nacogdoches, Texas, to study water quality conditions for 20 element and four chemical variables. The total element concentration in storm runoff from each roof type was greater than that of rainwater in the open. Differences in element concentrations in storm runoff among the four roof types were statistically significant (α≤ 0.05) with the differences for the wood shingle roof being the greatest and that for terra cotta clay roof being the least. The median concentrations of four element variables exceeded the Texas surface water quality standards, while 12 variables exceeded the standards at least one time in all samples collected. Zinc concentrations violated the Standard ranging from 85.7 percent of the samples for the wood shingle roof to 66.0 percent for the composite shingle, the greatest exceedances of all 24 variables studied. Storm characteristics and gutter maintenance level had some effects on these water quality conditions. The study suggested that roof types can be important to water pollution management programs. More detailed studies on roof water quality in major municipalities are required.     

A CRAZY IDEA ON URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT?1

ABSTRACT. High percentage of imperviousness in the city is the source of storm runoff. Roof area contributes significantly to the imperviousness. An attempt to make use of roofs as urban flood control device and water conservation measure is advocated. Two different schemes, one for built-up industrial-commercial area, the other for residential area, are suggested. The former utilizes the roof as detention reservoir for flood control, the latter employs recharge pit to convert runoff into ground water resource. The proposed schemes are not only hydrologically, hydraulically and structurally sound but also economically feasible. It is worth considering in the future planning of urban renewal and urban development.     

油田联合站沉降罐小呼吸损耗核算

利用美国石油协会(API)小呼吸损耗核算新公式对国内某油田4个联合站的采出液沉降罐进行了小呼吸损耗核算,并与实测数据进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,API的核算值与实测值的差别较大,相对误差可达90%以上,原因是国内油田采出液沉降罐的现场工况与API公式的模拟条件差别较大。在数据分析的基础上引入平均液体表面温度和平均气体流速两个影响因子对上述公式进行了修正,并利用修正后的公式对另外两个联合站的沉降罐进行了小呼吸损耗核算,核算结果的相对误差降至10%以下。     

FeS引发储油罐着火温度动态变化曲线的研究

储油罐着火事故被推测是由硫腐蚀产生的FeS氧化引起的。笔者阐述了储罐中FeS形成的原因 ,并采用自然发火绝热测试系统对FeS自然氧化进行 1 9h的跟踪实验 ,观察FeS绝热氧化过程中温度动态变化特性。实验发现 ,FeS氧化由诱导氧化期、中速氧化期和加速氧化期 3个阶段组成。诱导氧化期是积蓄能量 ,激发FeS活性的过程 ,试样温度基本未发生变化 ;中速氧化期是FeS试样表面的分子活性被激发 ,与FeS试样表面吸附的氧气发生氧化反应的过程 ,温度增加较慢 ;加速氧化期是FeS分子内部的活性被激活并进行氧化反应的过程 ,温度迅速升高。结果证明 :随着反应的进行 ,温度随反应时间变化的幅度越来越大 ,氧化反应的反应热不能及时散开而急剧地积累 ,温度急剧地升高 ,将引起油品自燃。此外 ,通过X衍射图和氧化升温曲线证明 ,水是影响FeS氧化的重要因素。     

石油污染法和地面油罐的法规

译文叙述了地面和地下储油罐对环境影响的差异、美国环保局（EPA）对此的有关规定、石油污染法、全国污染物排除控制系统（NPDES）等。最后介绍地面油罐法规具体内容。     

循环磨料射流综合理论分析

循环磨料射流是磨料射流的一种重要形式。循环磨料浆液被高压水加速后直接输入喷嘴，构成具有强大打击力的磨料射流；特别适用于锻件、轧制件的除鳞除锈，铸件清砂等表面处理。要保证循环磨料射流在工业中应用，必须首先解决两个关键问题，即循环磨料射流浆体在管路中的正常流动、磨料的悬浮与沉降规律以及过碎的微小磨粒的剔除，以满足高效、连续的作业。本文论述了循环磨料射流的工作原理和主要工作参数的确定方法。     

PEAKING STORAGE TANKS FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Construction of a “peaking storage tank” may reduce the operational cost of municipal water in the availability of a time-of-use energy rate. A peaking storage tank is used for storing water that is pumped from wells or other sources of supply during off-peak periods when energy costs are less for use during periods of on-peak water demand. The optimal size of a peaking storage tank is that which results in the minimum total cost, which includes both the storage construction cost and the cost of operation of the pumps. The operational cost for a given time-of-use rate is determined by help of a pipe network simulation model solved by the Newton-Raphson technique and a dynamic programming optimization model. A more simplified method is also introduced. Analyses show that low off-peak energy costs make the construction of peaking storage tanks economically attractive and reduce on-peak energy use, which results in electrical load leveling.     

独立分格推流式活性污泥法的动力学分析

在严格控制试验条件的基础上,对独立分格式活性污泥法进行了定量的试验研究与动力学分析.结果表明,底物比降解速率常数K值并不是常数,而是随着易降解底物的降解去除逐渐变小;据此修正了该系统的传统动力学公式及相应的设计计算方法;给出了工艺设计时曝气池分格数的划分及其容积确定的基本原则.     

地下储罐爆炸事故源强估算

从能量释放的角度出发，以爆炸理论为基础，利用爆破技术中已得出的结论，着重研究地下储罐爆炸事故源强的估算方法。确定各种伤害效应的安全距离，为预防事故和安全评价提供理论依据。