浮头式换热器的腐蚀及对策

针对浮头式换热器的腐蚀现象,分析了造成腐蚀的多种原因,指出冷凝水的氧腐蚀应是主要因素。并给出了控制和解决氧腐蚀的几种方法。     

Kinetic analysis for spontaneous combustion of sulfurized rust in oil tanks

In order to evaluate the spontaneous combustion hazards of sulfurized rust in oil tanks, one kind of rust was obtained from respiratory valve inner cavity of a crude oil tank in a petrochemical company. The rust was sulfurized in sulfuration experimental apparatus. The production was analyzed by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The EDS result shows that the main substances are FeS and FeS₂ which are liable to spontaneous combustion. The sulfurized rust gives a short length of side and diamond appearance, and a large pore size in structure based on X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The whole oxidation process has three complex stages. The corresponding apparent activation energy values, most probable mechanism functions and pre-exponential factor values were calculated by Madhusudanan–Krishnan–Ninan method and the master plot method. The results indicate that the first and third stages of mass loss are up to the power function mechanism, but the second stage accords with the nucleation and nucleus growth mechanism. The values of apparent activation energy increase successively from the first stage to the third stage. The second stage has the maximum pre-exponential factor value, while the first has the minimum. With the obtained parameters above, the oxidation process of sulfurised rust could be simulated, which would benefit for monitoring and early warning of oil tanks.     

低温储罐三通切换阀管件失效分析

在低温储罐定期检验中,发现储罐底部一个三通切换阀管件上存在多处裂纹及泄漏现象。通过对失效件进行宏观检验、化学成分、电镜扫描、金相组织、腐蚀产物能谱、非金属夹杂物含量、显微硬度等进行测试,结果表明：管件材质低于设计要求,管件承受载荷及应力作用,存在CI-等奥氏体不锈钢腐蚀敏感介质,造成该处奥氏体不锈钢管件应力腐蚀失效。     

石化企业浮顶罐大呼吸损耗核算方法分析

石化企业储罐无组织排放挥发性有机物(VOCs)带来严重的环境问题和油品损耗问题,以浮顶罐的大呼吸损耗为代表。在概述浮顶罐大呼吸损耗机理的基础上,以北京某石化企业的甲苯内浮顶罐为基准案例,对国内外4种核算公式进行了对比分析,考察了影响浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的因素,并提出有效的减耗措施。结果表明:采用我国推荐的公式进行核算更符合我国实际,需建立和完善以我国有机液体理化参数和储罐构造为基准的核算方法和软件;影响浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的主要因素包括油品性质、周转量、罐体直径、罐壁黏附系数等,其中罐壁黏附系数为关键影响因素。     

水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体净化功能的研究

采用浮床无土栽培技术，在苏州重污染河道上种植水蕹菜以控制重污染水体水质。不仅进行了静态试验，而且在重污染河道苗家河上作了示范应用，效果显著。静态试验结果表明，在气温35℃、水温30℃以上的条件下，水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体中的CODMn、TN、NH4^＋-N、TP等的去除率分别为37．0％、92.9％、93．9％、94．3％；苗家河示范工程水域中水质有明最改善，透明度达90～130cm。由此证明水蕹菜是对苏州熏污染河道净化处理的优良生物材料之一。     

压载舱阴极保护系统性能仿真及优化

针对压载舱结构复杂、电流屏蔽现象严重导致牺牲阳极数量和位置精确设计困难,以及目前基于经验法设计的牺牲阳极保护系统常导致局部欠保护或过保护的问题,开展了基于边界元法的压载舱保护电位仿真和优化研究.研究结果表明,建立的压载舱牺牲阳极保护边界元模型可准确模拟压栽舱保护电位分布,优化后的牺牲阳极保护系统保护电位分布更均匀,船舶...     

不同因素对巷道支架与顶板接触刚度影响分析

针对超前支架和顶板的接触刚度的影响因素进行仿真分析和实验研究。利用分形理论构造粗糙顶板轮廓模型,根 据不同的粗糙度对应的分形维数D和特征尺度G,在MATLAB中生产不同的粗糙度曲面,并由SolidWorks三维建模软件生产 实体,导入ANSYS软件中进行接触刚度分析。通过仿真和实验研究在不同粗糙度顶板、不同弹性模量的顶板岩层以及不 同形式顶梁的情况下的接触刚度变化。定性地分析了不同影响因素下的接触刚度变化情况,为研究超前支架和巷道顶板 耦合动力学特性提供了依据。     

Kinetic studies on phosphorus sorption by selected soil amendments for septic tank effluent renovation

A systematic kinetic study of phosphorus (P) sorption by various materials in the soil infiltration system of septic tanks was undertaken by following the time course of P sorption by sorbents in contact with various P solutions over periods up to 360 days. Uptake of P seemed to consist of two distinct stages. Initial uptake was very rapid and this phase was completed in 4 days or less. A slower removal stage followed for some materials over many months. Phosphorus sorption during the fast reaction stage appeared to be associated with the soluble Ca content of the materials. The fast reaction of calcareous materials accounted for the bulk (>70%) of the total P removed. Merribrook loamy sand exhibited the highest proportion of P sorption during the slow phase. It should be noted, however, that for solution P concentrations in the range found in typical effluents (∼ ∼20 mg L⁻¹) the fast reaction phase seemed to be responsible for virtually all P removed. None of the six kinetic formulae examined possessed the sophistication and detail needed to portray accurately the time course of P sorption for all the sorbents investigated. The Elovich equation and the kinetic modification of the Freundlich isotherm expression appeared to provide a reasonable fit of the experimental data.     

铜银负载沸石基质雨水滞留池的除菌性能

针对城市水体的病原微生物污染问题,设计了以铜银负载沸石为基质的雨水滞留池模拟柱,用于去除合流制溢流水中的以大肠菌群为指示菌的病原微生物;通过静态实验考察了制备的载铜和载银沸石的铜、银的流失量和除菌效果,并用模拟柱进行了含不同大肠杆菌浓度的进水及合流制溢流水的除菌实验。结果表明：载铜沸石的Cu²⁺流失量相对于载银沸石的Ag⁺流失量更小;在10⁵~10⁷ CFU·L⁻¹的进水大肠杆菌浓度下,2种沸石柱的除菌率均在90%以上;在连续18 d的运行过程中,2种沸石实验柱对大肠杆菌浓度为10⁶ CFU·L⁻¹的合流制溢流水的除菌率也保持在90%以上,且未受到水中的COD、TN、TP的影响。载铜和载银沸石基质滞留池可以有效地降低雨水中的病原微生物风险。     

基于均匀实验设计的曝气池柔性设计方法

为了解决污水处理过程由于水质水量等不确定性参数偏离设计值所引发的问题,提出了一种基于均匀实验设计的曝气池柔性设计方法。该方法用均匀设计产生不确定性参数区域内具有代表性的不确定性情形,用因子设计生成应对这些情形的操作方案,在柔性瓶颈处通过直观分析寻找改进设计方案的策略。从案例研究可以看出,传统的没有系统化地考虑不确定性参数变化的设计方法,所设计的曝气池在一些不确定性情形下,可能无法正常运行,而本方法有助于避免这一缺陷。