中国各区域秸秆资源可能源化利用的潜力分析

在我国能源需求迅速增长并日益依赖国际市场的背景下,能源化利用秸秆资源是我国缓解能源短缺的重要选择之一。论文在综合相关研究成果的基础上,对我国不同区域农作物秸秆可能源化利用的潜力及资源密度进行了分析。研究表明,2009年中国农作物秸秆理论资源量为7.48×10⁸ t,可获得资源量为6.34×10⁸ t,可能源化利用量为1.52×10⁸ t。中国可能源化利用秸秆资源区域分布极不均匀。长江中下游、东北、华北等区域可能源化利用秸秆潜力较大,分别为0.42×10⁸、 0.37×10⁸和0.35×10⁸ t,青藏高原、黄土高原和西南可能源化利用秸秆资源潜力较低。根据各区域可能源化利用秸秆资源密度,论文对不同省份建造较大规模秸秆发电企业或燃料乙醇企业的适宜性进行了分析。     

滴滴涕农药高温热残留特性

为探明滴滴涕农药的热处理特性,利用高温管式炉,对600～1 200 ℃7个温度段下的滴滴涕农药在残渣和尾气中的残留进行了研究.结果表明:在800 ℃时,DDT去除率(η_DDT)≥99%,在1 100 ℃时,η_DDT≥99.9%.在残渣中,DDT是主要的农药残留物,其中p,p′-DDD占残渣中DDTs总量的比例在温度≤1 000 ℃时随温度升高而增加,但在温度＞1 000 ℃后却随温度升高而递减.在尾气中,p,p′-DDE随温度升高逐渐成为尾气中的主要残留物.除DDTs之外,在温度≤600 ℃的尾气中,有机物残留物多为脂肪烃;在700～900 ℃的尾气中,兼有芳烃衍生物和脂肪烃;而在1 000～1 200 ℃的尾气中,残留物则多为芳烃衍生物.      

糠醛废渣制备活性炭对糠醛废水的脱色研究

以水蒸气为活化剂,用热解糠醛废渣制备活性炭,着重研究了所制备的活性炭对糠醛废水的脱色性能. 结果表明:糠醛废渣制备的活性炭对糠醛废水脱色的最佳温度为50 ℃,并且在很短的时间内即可完成,该活性炭与糠醛废水混合搅拌15 min后,脱色率几乎不再变化. 由于采用糠醛废渣制备活性炭的成本较低,可以适当增加活性炭的投加量以提高糠醛废水的脱色率. 当活性炭投加量为10 g/L时,50 ℃条件下搅拌10 min,糠醛废水脱色率可达到86.65%. 经活性炭脱色后的糠醛废水无色、透明,以去离子水为参比溶液测定其吸光度,与自来水相当.      

高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米和土壤中的残留及消解动态

研究了济南和哈尔滨两年两地的玉米Zea maysL.经高效氯氟氰菊酯种子处理微囊悬浮剂拌种后,高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米植株、籽粒和土壤中的最终残留量,以及在玉米植株和土壤中的降解动力学规律。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯最终残留在植株、籽粒和土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.005mg·kg-1、〈0.001mg·kg-1和≤0.053mg·kg-1;在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期19.6～28.1d,消解速率哈尔滨慢于济南,这可能与土壤含水量和气温等有关。本研究为制定该农药在玉米上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Biorefinery study of availability of agriculture residues and wastes for integrated biorefineries in Brazil

Brazil has a great potential for use renewable raw materials in biorefineries. It is one of the largest producers of agricultural and animal commodities, which produce large amounts of residues and wastes. These agricultural residues and animal waste can be effectively transformed to energy and other products in systems similar to a ethanol refinery where an integrated process involves conversion for biomass into fuel, energy and chemicals, integrated in the context of a biorefinery. The objective of this work is the determination of the actual availability of main agricultural residues and animal wastes generated in Brazil and of their generation potential index and their prospects for 2020. The results indicate that the sugarcane has the highest agronomic availability, reaching 157 million tons of fresh material and an estimated reuse potential of 19.6 million tons (dry basis), followed by soybeans, rice, maize, orange, wheat, cotton, cassava and tobacco.     

吉林省主要覆膜作物地膜残留情况调查

通过文献调研、问卷调查和典型样点采集的方法对吉林省3种主要覆膜作物的地膜残留情况进行调查分析,结果表明：地膜残留量与覆膜年限、地膜回收方式以及种植作物种类密切相关。随覆膜时间的延长地膜残留量有增加的趋势。3种模式地膜残留量由高到低为：瓜菜模式〉玉米连作模式〉花生连作模式,连续覆膜10年,3种模式的地膜残留量分别为30、28.35 kg·hm^-2和15.9kg·hm^-2。以一级污染水平作为标准（75 kg·hm^-2）,覆膜量每年按75～150 kg·hm^-2、年残留率按1.2%～4.02%计,估算吉林省安全使用地膜的年限约为12～83年。     

保护性耕作对玉米田土壤中除草剂残留的影响

保护性耕作能够显著提高土壤有机质,改善土壤质量,但是关于保护性耕作如何影响农药等污染物在土壤中残留的研究却较为匮乏,而土壤污染又与粮食安全息息相关.因此,选择7个实验地点,针对传统耕作与保护性耕作两种耕作方式下土壤中3种除草剂(乙草胺、阿特拉津和二甲四氯钠)残留特征进行了分析.结果表明,保护性耕作显著影响土壤的总有机碳含量、土壤含水率和土壤团聚体平均粒径等性质[使(2.1±0.1)%、(19.1±1.2)%和(82.2±3.0)μm分别增加至(2.9±0.3)%、(22.3±1.5)%和(97.2±4.2)μm].研究进一步发现,保护性耕作对不同除草剂在土壤中残留的影响存在差异性.例如,保护性耕作通过影响土壤总有机碳含量显著增加东丰试验田土壤中阿特拉津的含量[使(3.8±0.3)ng·g^-1增加至(17.7±3.0)ng·g^-1],通过影响土壤团聚体平均粒径显著降低德惠试验田土壤中乙草胺的含量[使(50.6±10.3)ng·g^-1降低至(9.2±2.5)ng·g^-1].然而,由于不同土壤性质对土壤中...     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的残留及消解动态研究

为了解杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的残留消解动态及最终残留状况,研究了杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的气相色谱检测方法,并在天津、江苏两地开展了20%阿维菌素.杀虫单可湿性粉剂在小白菜和土壤中的残留消解动态和最终残留田间试验研究.结果表明,在0.02—1 mg.kg-1添加水平范围内,通过外标法定量,获得杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的平均...     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.