铁黄生产中废水处理与废渣的回收利用

介绍了氧化铁黄生产中的废水治理情况，同时其产生的废渣可回收利用。经过治理产生的环境、经济和社会效益显著。     

Organic residue decomposition: The minicontainer-system a multifunctional tool in decomposition studies

The Minicontainer-test, first described by Eisenbeis (1993), was designed to study the kinetics of organic residue decomposition at a microsite level. It is derived from the litterbag technique and consists of polyethylene minicontainers (volume about 1.5 cm³) filled with a test substrate (litter, straw, cellulose, etc.). The minicontainers (MCs) are closed at either end with plastic gauze discs of variable mesh size (e.g. 20 μm, 250 μm, 500 μm or 2 mm). A definite number of such units are inserted into PVC-bars, which can be implanted into the soil horizontally or vertically, or be exposed on the soil surface horizontally. The bars are very stable and can be exposed in different environments for months to years. If required, the bars can be removed temporarily and stored, e.g. during soil cultivation. Should fresh litter be used, two phases of decomposition can be distinguished: a fast initial phase, which can be mainly related to the effect of leaching, and a second slow phase depending mainly on the activity of soil organisms and litter quality. Several questions can be addressed to investigations using MCs, e.g. 1) parts of the soil fauna which are involved in decomposition (nematodes, microarthropods, and smaller specimens of the macrofauna, e.g. enchytraeidae, diplopods and dipteran larvae) can be extracted from the litter substrate using a miniscale high gradient extractor, 2) the organic mass loss of litter can be determined, 3) microbial biomass (C_mic, N_mic) can be assessed by fumigation extraction and 4) microbial activity (respiration) in the test substrate can also be assessed by use of standardised methods. Compared to litterbag studies, the larger number of small replicate units improves the statistical evaluation. Until today the Minicontainer-test has been applied in forestry and agriculture, e.g. studying the effects of liming, soil restoration and the application of insecticides, e.g. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) and Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki).     

电解锰渣煅烧时Mn、N元素形态分布与微观结构变化

电解锰行业的发展会产生大量的电解锰渣,易导致严重的环境污染,高温煅烧已成为当前无害化处理电解锰渣的高效方法之一。为探究高温煅烧时电解锰渣中特征污染物的化学形态及物相组成,选取广西某电解锰企业经不同工艺产生的电解碳酸锰渣(EMCR)与电解二氧化锰渣(EMDR),通过其理化特性及Mn、N元素形态分布与微观结构变化分析,研究了不同温度煅烧处理对电解锰渣污染物的影响。结果表明,电解二氧化锰渣中Mn元素的可氧化态与可还原态分布均大于电解碳酸锰渣。当煅烧温度在1 000 ℃以上时,2种电解锰渣中Mn元素基本上以残渣态的形式存在,通过风险评估代码(RAC)结果可知样品处于低风险甚至无风险状态,可进行后续的处理处置。2种电解锰渣中N元素的形态随着温度的升高主要以NO形式为主。通过对煅烧过程中微观结构的变化分析可知,在800 ℃时电解碳酸锰渣中石英相(SiO₂)的衍射峰强度最佳,有利于活性发展,此时的能谱分析结果显示Fe元素占比达到了52.40%,有利于Fe的回收利用,而电解二氧化锰渣的最佳煅烧处理温度显示为1 000 ℃。该研究结果可为2种电解锰渣经煅烧处置后的资源化再利用工作提供有效的数据支撑。     

煤气化炉渣研究现状及利用技术展望

煤气化技术的应用是我国能源战略的重要一环,但同时也会产生大量的煤气化炉渣,亟需研究可批量消纳的资源化利用技术。煤炭灰分中各种矿物相在气化炉内会随温度发生变化,通过对该变化的研究和总结,描述了煤炭灰分中各种矿物相在气化炉内的物化反应过程,并指出煤炭灰分对煤气化炉渣的最终形态特点具有决定性的影响;对煤气化炉渣中残碳的组成及其变化特点的研究表明,残碳对煤气化炉渣的最终利用途径具有重要影响;此外,通过分析煤气化炉渣利用技术研究现状,指出建材化利用技术和掺烧循环流化床原料技术是目前的主流途径;最后,展望了煤气化炉渣利用技术的发展方向,并提出了煤气化炉渣用于混凝土和水泥原料以及井下回填的技术途径。     

仲钨酸铵生产中钨渣的污染特性分析

采集了14家仲钨酸铵（APT）生产企业生产过程中产生的钨渣,分别采用HJ/T299—2007《固体废物 浸出毒性浸出方法 硫酸硝酸法》和GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》附录S推荐的方法分析了钨渣中重金属的浓度及浸出浓度,并研究了钨渣的污染特征。结果表明,钨渣中重金属浓度服从正态分布,浓度较高的重金属为Cu、Zn和类金属As,其最大值分别为6 260、25 000和26 900 mg/kg,平均值分别为3 510、4 560和5 640 mg/kg;浸出浓度较大的是Pb、As和Hg,其最大值分别为33.6、26.2和0.85 mg/L,超出GB 5085.3—2007中规定的相应限值的6.72、5.24和8.5倍,超标率分别为14.3%、21.4%和42.9%;钨渣中As、Mo和Hg是特征污染物,应作为危险废物进行管理。     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part I—Calculation methods

ABSTRACT

The calculation of the combined uncertainty of the international estimated short-term intake (IESTI) of ethephon residues in apples is shown as an example. The ethephon residues in apples were reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/WHO (World Health Organization) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). The apple consumption data were taken from the IESTI (international short-term intake) calculation template used by the JMPR. The IESTI was calculated with the currently used method (case 2a) and a proposed one recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)/RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health) Scientific Workshop co-sponsored by FAO and WHO. In this example, the ratio of IESTI_proposed/IESTI_current and their combined relative uncertainty are about 2.8, and 1.7, respectively. The larger IESTI and uncertainty obtained with the proposed equation are the consequence of calculation only with the large portion (LP) instead of its combination with unit mass, and the MRL instead of the highest residue (HR). The LP is the major contributor to the combined uncertainty. Both the calculated IESTI and its combined uncertainty depend on the actual food – pesticide residue combination, and should be calculated for each case.     

助剂作用下超声浸取电解锰渣

用8-羟基喹啉、黄原酸钾、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、磷酸三丁酯、柠檬酸5种物质作浸取助剂,考察了助剂作用下超声辅助浸取法从电解锰渣中提取锰的工艺条件。实验结果表明：用1%（质量分数）柠檬酸作浸取助剂,在固液比（g/mL）为1∶4、酸矿比（mL/g）为0.3∶1、浸取温度为70℃的条件下,超声浸取15min,锰浸出率平均可达57.28%,是加热酸浸法锰浸出率的2.72倍,是无助剂超声辅助浸取法锰浸出率的1.52倍。     

藻渣添加对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵特征的影响

厌氧发酵是农业废弃物资源化的有效途径之一.将农业废弃物同其他富含氮元素的有机废物混合发酵能够有效地提高产气效率.以玉米秸秆为例,尝试利用藻渣作为添加剂,提高农业废弃物厌氧发酵的性能.实验主要研究了混合发酵比例对沼气产量、甲烷产量、沼渣沼液特征的影响.当玉米秸秆、藻渣和接种污泥的挥发性固体质量分数为10:2:2时,沼气产率最高可达421.0 mL/g,甲烷产率为218.7 mL/g.沼渣组分分析表明,纤维素和半纤维素降解效率分别为83.7%和68.4%,和对照相比纤维素的降解效率显著提高.结果表明,藻渣的添加能够有效地促进玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷过程.     

厌氧发酵方式对乳渣废水产酸性能的影响

为了研究厌氧发酵方式对乳渣废水发酵产酸效果的影响,分别对乳渣废水采用自然型发酵、填料型发酵及中性型发酵（pH=7.0±0.2）,并进行连续2个周期的厌氧反应。分析乳渣废水中可溶性化学需氧量（SCOD）、蛋白质、多糖、挥发性短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）、水解酶（蛋白酶、α-葡萄苷酶）和辅酶420、NH4+-N及PO43--P指标的变化。研究发现,中性产酸系统中水解酶活性较高,蛋白质和多糖等物质水解性能较好,使乳渣废水产酸性能最佳,最大SCFAs积累量为12 328.37 mg-COD·L-1。自然发酵产酸系统中水解酶活性最低,系统中残留大量的蛋白质和多糖等物质,最低SCFAs积累量为4 322.61 mg COD·L-1。同时发现,3个发酵系统中挥发性短链脂肪酸酸成分具有显著差别,其中自然型发酵系统乙酸积累率最大,可达69.70%,中性发酵系统丙酸积累率最大可达49.27%,填料型发酵系统正丁酸积累率最大可达38.85%。     

不同种植方式蔬菜中农药残留的差异及污染控制研究

采集了陕西地区不同种植方式的瓜果类、叶菜类蔬菜样品,研究了其中各种农药的残留情况,并分析了农药残留对环境的污染及其控制措施。结果表明:露地种植蔬菜与设施种植蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都略高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为42.0%、36.5%,超标率分别为12.0%、8.2%;叶菜类蔬菜与瓜果类蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都较高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为52.6%、29.6%,超标率分别为17.3%、5.4%;设施种植的瓜果类蔬菜和叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率基本接近,而叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留超标率明显高于瓜果类蔬菜,露地种植的叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率和超标率都远高于瓜果类蔬菜;设施种植蔬菜与露地种植蔬菜相比,甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;瓜果类蔬菜与叶菜类蔬菜相比,毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;叶菜类蔬菜的农药施用浓度较高,施用农药后要间隔一定时间后再上市销售,并应采用更科学的施药方式,以减少农药在蔬菜中的残留和降低对环境的危害;一方面要开发并积极倡导使用高效、低毒、低残留的无公害农药,另一方面则要开发能够高效、快速降解残留农药的物质,同时还要进行农产品的清洁生产,以提高农产品的安全性,并降低环境中农药的残留危害。