加速度均方根地震动统计研究

根据美国加州等地的强震记录,采用回归分析方法研究了加速度记录水平、竖向分量的峰值加速度(PGA)和一定时间窗内加速度均方根(SRSTM S)的衰减规律。所采用的加速度记录共795组(两水平向与一竖向)2 385条。对作为地震危险性分析的主要参数PGA的衰减规律与SRSTM S的衰减规律作了详细的研究,结果表明,SRSTM S的离散性明显的小于PGA,因此建议将SRSTM S的衰减关系应用于地震动强度的危险性分析。     

Development of a Grassland Integrity Index Based on Breeding Bird Assemblages

We utilized landscape and breeding bird assemblage data from three Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes sampled from 1965–1995 to develop and test a grassland integrity index (GII) in a mixed-grass prairie area of Oklahoma. The overall study region is extensively fragmented from long-term agricultural activity, and native habitat remnants have been degraded by recent encroachment of woody vegetation, namely eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). The 50 individual bird survey points along the BBS routes, known as stops, were used as sample sites. Our process first focused on developing a grassland disturbance index (GDI) as a measure of cumulative landscape disturbances for these sites. The GDI was based on five key landscape variables identified in an earlier species-level study of long-term avian community dynamics: total tree, shrub, and herbaceous vegetation cover indices, overall mean landscape patch size, and grassland patch core size. The GII was then developed based on breeding bird assemblage data. Assemblages were based on commonly used response guilds reflective of five avian life history parameters: foraging mode/location, nesting location, habitat specificity, migratory pattern, and dietary guild. We tested the response of 78 candidate assemblage metrics to the GDI, and eliminated those with no or poor response or with high correlations (redundant), resulting in 13 metrics for use in the final index. Individual metric scores were scaled to fall between 0 and 10, and the cumulative index to range from 0 to 100. Although broader application and refinement are possible, the avian-based GII has an advantage over labor-intensive, habitat-based monitoring in that the GII is derived from readily available long-term BBS data. Therefore, the GII shows promise as an inexpensive tool that could easily be applied over other areas to monitor changes in regional grassland conditions.     

Spatial Patterns of Water Quality in the Cuiabá River Basin, Central Brazil

This study evaluates the spatial patterns of land occupation and their relationship to water quality in the Cuiabá River watershed, one of the main affluents of the Pantanal floodplain. The impact of farming and other land occupation forms were studied using a three year time series. Monitoring included 15 parameters at 21 stations with a total of 1266 different samples. Ten stations along the Cuiabá River were ordinated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For an exploratory analysis in the spatial domain, sub-basins of the Cuiabá watershed were classified according to mean concentrations of selected water quality parameters. Supervised classification of digital Landsat ETM imagery and standard GIS techniques were applied to parameterize land use and occupation according to a watershed scale. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) was then used to evaluate impacts of environmental and socio-economic factors on water quality.A Cuiabá headwater station only shows slightly elevated total coliform counts and concentrations of nutrients in the river after it passes regions of extensive cattle farming. After the confluence with the Manso River, nutrient and COD concentrations increase significantly, receiving loads from sub-basins under intensive agricultural land use, with mean annual concentrations up to 1.74 mg/L of total nitrogen (Kjedahl). Sub-watersheds with intensive fishing culture activities were shown to have significant impact on nitrogen concentrations, reaching mean concentrations of 2.66 mg/L of total nitrogen in the affluents. Most serious biological and chemical water pollution can be observed at stream outlets in the urban agglomeration of Cuiabá/Várzea Grande. Affluent pollution is reflected in the water quality of the Cuiabá River: subsequent monitoring stations in the urban area are ordinated on a gradient of increasing degradation of chemical and biological water quality. The auto-depuration capacity of the Cuiabá River is intact, but elevated concentrations of Phosphorous and Chemical Oxygen Demand can be observed as far away as the Pantanal floodplain, about 120 km downstream from the urban agglomeration.     

Urban Air Pollution Patterns, Land Use, and Thermal Landscape: An Examination of the Linkage Using GIS

This article investigates the relationship of local air pollution pattern with urban land use and with urban thermal landscape using a GIS approach. Ambient air quality measurements for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, total suspended particles, and dust level were obtained for Guangzhou City in South China between 1981 and 2000. Landsat TM images and aerial photo derived maps were used to examine city's land use and land cover at different times and changes. Landsat thermal infrared data were employed to compute land surface temperatures and to assess urban thermal patterns. Relationships among the spatial patterns of air pollution, land use, and thermal landscape were sought through GIS and correlation analyses. Results show that the spatial patterns of air pollutants probed were positively correlated with urban built-up density, and with satellite derived land surface temperature values, particularly with measurements taken during the summer. It is suggested that further studies investigate the mechanisms of this linkage, and that remote sensing of air pollution delves into how the energy interacts with the atmosphere and the environment and how sensors see pollutants. Thermal infrared imagery could play a unique role in monitoring and modeling atmospheric pollution.     

海水中总氮的测定方法比较研究

通过标准曲线、检出限和测定范围、方法精密度、方法准确度、实际海水样品测定结果、加标回收率、分析效率和物料消耗这几方面比较了过硫酸钾氧化法、流动注射分析法和高温氧化-化学发光检测法这3种测定海水中总氮(TN)方法的优缺点。结果表明,流动注射分析法和高温氧化-化学发光检测法的测定范围更宽,精密度、准确度更好,3种样品的加标回收率达到96.2%~101%;高温氧化-化学发光检测法分析效率高、物料消耗少、节能环保,适用于一般海水样品的批量分析,且由于测定范围大,该法也适用于TN浓度较高的海水样品的批量分析,流动注射分析法因其较低的检出限更适用于TN浓度较低的海水样品的批量分析。     

基于最优粒度的城市热环境与景观特征耦合分析

综合Landsat和国产高分2号遥感影像反演地表温度、划分地表覆被类型,通过划分100m×100m～1000m×1000m等多个网格单元,分析北京市五环内热环境影响因素的粒度效应;并基于最优粒度分析城市景观组分和构型特征与热环境特征的相互关系.结果表明:随粒度增加,网格单元内平均地表温度和不透水地表(IS)、植被水体(...     

东南部红壤区生态农业模式主成分分析研究

应用主成分分析法选用24个指标对我国东南部红壤区生态农业模式了进行综合分析。结果表明：劳均产值、单位耕地产值、人均产值是决定第一主成分的主要指标;氮平衡指数、劳均产值、单位耕地施用农药量是决定第二主成分的主要指标;磷平衡指数、钾平衡指数、人均产值是决定第三主成分的主要指标。综合分析结果是余江的农牧加模式得分最高,为最佳生态农业模式。本研究的综合分析结果可为红壤区生态农业模式选择与发展提供依据。     

永定河流域春季大型底栖动物群落结构和空间格局

为了解永定河流域大型底栖动物群落结构与空间分布状况,2017年春季调查了永定河流域大型底栖动物群落,采集并鉴定出大型底栖动物77个分类单元,其中水生昆虫为绝对优势类群。聚类分析表明,永定河流域底栖动物群落结构在空间上与流域地理格局基本一致,上游区洋河、妫水河、桑干河以直突摇蚊、流水长跗摇蚊、间摇蚊为优势类群,中游区永定河山峡段以钩虾、台湾蜉、近岸细蜉为主,下游区五湖一线段以德永摇蚊、恩菲摇蚊、沼虾为优势类群。直接收集者成为流域内绝对优势功能摄食类群,在不同区域的相对丰度均达到90%以上。单因素方差分析显示,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数无组间差异,Margalef丰富度指数和物种数在中游区和下游区差异显著(P0.05)。研究表明流域大型底栖动物群落出现了整体退化,生物多样性下降,重度-中度耐污类群成为优势,多数河段功能摄食类群不完整,永定河流域生态系统保护和修复工作亟待开展。     

辽宁省干线公路网络通达性研究

以辽宁省干线公路网络和14个地市、21个主要县市为研究对象,以最短距离原则为基础,选取距离、时间和通达性系数来衡量城市通达性水平的高低;以行车速度为指标,得到不同速度下通达性水平的空间格局;在100km/h的行车速度下,计算一个城市在1h、2h、3h、5h内连接的城市数目,并对通达性水平的特点和空间格局进行分析。结果显示,35个城市的通达性水平呈现出＂同心圈＂结构,＂核心—外围＂模式明显。以沈阳和鞍山为核心,由核心向外围通达性水平逐步降低,且随着行车速度的提高,通达性水平呈现出明显的上升趋势。由于通达水平的提高,在未来的几年里辽宁省将逐渐形成5个交通圈,同时实现＂一个工作日,全省通达＂的目标。     

主题公园的体验化设计模式研究——以西安大唐芙蓉园为例

主题公园成功的关键是根据游客的需要为其提供足够的体验,吸引与留住游客并且增加游客的重游率。从体验经济的角度,提出主题公园产品的核心就是体验。分析了主题公园体验的影响因素、类型和体验化设计模式,指出主题公园的体验化设计能力将是主题公园核心竞争力所在,探讨了西安大唐芙蓉园的体验化设计模式。