湖南小城镇发展研究

自改革开放以来,小城镇发展对湖南城市化的贡献逐步加大。１９９８年,湖南建制镇冲数已达１００１个,建制镇非农业 省非农业人口比重已上升到４５．０４％,但湖南小城镇有存在家庭不清、规划滞后、规模小、设施水平低、缺乏特色、体制落后突出问题。应确立小城镇发展在全省农村剩余劳动力转移中的优先地位,进一步提高小城镇湖南城市化的贡献;应尽快开展全省小城镇普查,制定科学的小城镇发展与建设规划,应因地制宜地选择１１     

环境质量管理新模式:启程与挑战

污染物总量控制是我国近10年环境保护中一个重要的治理模式。但在环境容量"硬约束"、公众对良好环境质量"硬需求"的大背景下,我国的环境管理应逐步从总量控制转向以环境质量改善为核心,改善环境质量已经成为环保工作的出发点和落脚点。2015年,随着新《环境保护法》的实施和"三大战役"的先后打响,法律保障、行动计划、政府问责、质量监测等逐步就绪,环境质量管理的基础手段不断夯实。2016年,环境质量管理新模式将全面启动,建议从强化公众环境健康、实行区域流域总量控制、改革生态环保管理体制、强化市场机制、推行排污许可证制度、加强信息公开和公众参与等方面着手,全面推进环境质量管理转型与创新。     

2,6-Dichlorobenzamide (BAM) herbicide mineralisation by Aminobacter sp. MSH1 during starvation depends on a subpopulation of intact cells maintaining vital membrane functions

Mineralisation capability was studied in the 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM)-degrading Aminobacter sp. MSH1 under growth-arrested conditions. Cells were starved in mineral salts (MS) solution or groundwater before ¹⁴C-labelled BAM (0.1 mM) was added. Cell physiology was monitored with a panel of vitality stains combined with flow cytometry to differentiate intact, depolarised and dead cells. Cells starved for up to 3 weeks in MS solution showed immediate growth-linked mineralisation after BAM amendment while a lag-phase was seen after 8 weeks of starvation. In contrast, cells amended with BAM in natural groundwater showed BAM mineralisation but no growth. The cell-specific mineralisation rate was always comparable (10⁻¹⁶ mol C intact cell⁻¹ day⁻¹) independent of media, growth, or starvation period after BAM amendment; lower rates were only observed as BAM concentration decreased. MSH1 seems useful for bioremediation and should be optimised to maintain an intact cell subpopulation as this seems to be the key parameter for successful mineralisation.     

Direct measurements of the tile drain and groundwater flow route contributions to surface water contamination: From field-scale concentration patterns in groundwater to catchment-scale surface water quality

Enhanced knowledge of water and solute pathways in catchments would improve the understanding of dynamics in water quality and would support the selection of appropriate water pollution mitigation options. For this study, we physically separated tile drain effluent and groundwater discharge from an agricultural field before it entered a 43.5-m ditch transect. Through continuous discharge measurements and weekly water quality sampling, we directly quantified the flow route contributions to surface water discharge and solute loading. Our multi-scale experimental approach allowed us to relate these measurements to field-scale NO₃ concentration patterns in shallow groundwater and to continuous NO₃ records at the catchment outlet. Our results show that the tile drains contributed 90-92% of the annual NO₃ and heavy metal loads. Considering their crucial role in water and solute transport, enhanced monitoring and modeling of tile drainage are important for adequate water quality management.     

Current results and future perspectives for Japanese recycling of home electrical appliances

The Japanese system of recycling home electrical appliances has several unique aspects, including (1) a limited number of target appliances, (2) a recycling fee system that requires consumers to pay a recycling fee at the time of disposal, and (3) a direct recycling obligation for manufacturers, who have a physical, rather than a financial, responsibility for their end-of-life products. We studied data from 2001 to 2007 and found that the amount of four specified home electrical appliances and their materials that was recycled increased from about 319,249 tonnes in 2001 to about 447,262 tonnes—or 3.5 kg per inhabitant—in 2006. Recycling yield and development of recycling technologies have also improved. New recycling technologies have enabled a higher rate of material recycling of plastics (i.e., a closed-loop recycling). Improved eco-design, such as design for easier disassembly, has been promoted, and the higher quality of discarded appliances has enhanced the reuse market. Hazardous substances and fluorocarbons are being well managed. Problems with the recycling system include inelastic recycling fees, illegal dumping, illegal transfer by retailers, and the limited number of target appliances. Recycling fees could be reduced; this move might reduce the incidence of illegal dumping, as would engage stakeholders in collaborative efforts against illegal dumping. Illegal transfers could be reduced by improved traceability for retailers. Products such as liquid crystal displays, plasma display panels and clothes dryers have become increasingly common and should be also be targeted for recycling.     

Wise Use of Wetlands: Current State of Protection and Utilization of Chinese Wetlands and Recommendations for Improvement

Wetland protection and utilization sometimes appear to be in conflict, but promoting the wise use of wetlands can solve this problem. All countries face the challenge of sustainable development of wetlands to a greater or lesser extent, but the problem is especially urgent in developing countries, such as China, that want to accelerate their economic development without excessive environmental cost. Chinese wetlands contribute greatly to economic development, but improper use of these natural resources has endangered their existence. It is thus necessary to provide scientific guidance to managers and users of wetlands. In this paper, we analyze the present status of Chinese wetland protection and utilization, and discuss problems in six categories: a lack of public awareness of the need for wetland protection; insufficient funding for wetland protection and management; an imperfect legal system to protect wetlands; insufficient wetland research; lack of coordination among agencies and unclear responsibilities; and undeveloped technologies related to wetland use and protection. The wise use of Chinese wetlands will require improvements in four main areas: increased wetland utilization research, scientific management of wetland utilization, improved laws and regulations to protect wetlands, and wider dissemination of wetland knowledge. Based on these categories, we propose a framework for the optimization of wetland use by industry to provide guidance for China and other countries that cannot sacrifice economic benefits to protect their wetlands.     

环太湖景观生态格局变化研究--以苏州市吴中区为例

在RS和GIS支持下,通过对1984和2002年TM影像解译,分析了研究区景观格局动态变化,并利用逐步回归方法研究了景观变化的人文驱动力。结果表明,研究区景观发生剧烈变化,特别是耕地向水域、城镇用地和其它非农建设用地转变迅速,其中耕地的减少占土地利用总减少面积的79.3%,建设用地和水域的增加分别占土地利用总增加量的63.5%和36.5%。城镇、工矿等人文景观斑块面积增大,并趋向集中;林地与耕地等自然、半自然景观类型斑块破碎度增加,分布趋于分散;耕地与城镇景观类型的斑块形状日趋复杂;耕地的突出优势变小,整体景观异质性程度上升。受区位和地形的影响,在苏州城区附近和东部平原区耕地流失强度较大,18年耕地重心向西南方向偏移了4.74 km。景观变化的人文驱动因素是人口增加、基本建设投资扩大、大量外资涌入和以旅游业为主的第三产业增长。     

湖南永吉高速公路建设的景观格局影响评价

利用遥感（RS）、全球定位系统（GPS）与地理信息系统技术（GIS）,对湖南省永吉高速公路沿线建设前后的景观进行分类和制图,结合景观结构分析软件Fragstats33和景观生态学方法,从斑块和景观两个层次上研究高速公路建设前后景观格局的变化。结果表明：（1）斑块层次指数中,沿线除公路用地外各景观类型的面积均有所减少,257%的土地转换为公路用地,其中旱地面积减少最多,但是公路建设前后没有改变该区域的优势斑块类型;（2）景观层次指数中,斑块数目和斑块密度的增加与最大斑块指数的减少,都表明景观异质性增加;（3）不同缓冲区分析结果表明：高速公路建设对景观格局的干扰突出表现在距公路较近的500 m缓冲区内。本研究方法在未来路网规划与环境影响评价中具有一定应用前景     

人类活动影响下的四湖地区湿地景观格局分析

湿地景观空间结构研究是湿地生态研究的核心之一，景观功能性的性质和发挥，影响着湿地的物质流、信息流和能量流的特征，进而影响湿地区域的资源开发利用与保护。运用景观的空间格局指数，在遥感和GIS技术的支持下，结合江汉平原四湖地区的湿地农业的区域特点，确定了 四湖地区湿地景观分类系统，为了更好地定量分析四湖地区湿地景观格局的特点，我们选取了三类景观格局指数来定量描述于景观空间格局，即基本空间格局指标（多样性、均匀度及优势度）、景观空间构型指标（聚集工、破碎化）及斑块特征指标（斑块分维数），比较系统地分析四湖地区湿地景观空间格局。在此基础上探讨了人类干扰对四湖地区湿地同的结构和空间演替的影响。     

中尺度流域的景观格局分析--以湖北四湖流域为例

以湖北四湖流域为中尺度流域的代表，对流域九种景观类型657个斑块的形状、6种景观类型分离程度、四个分区及全流域的景观异质性进行了分析。结果表明：斑块伸长指数和形状系数是完全相关的，它们与周长／面积各自表达着形状复杂性的不同方面，有必要对其进行综合评价；四湖流域的不同类型的景观斑块形状有较大差异，分区间的斑块形状差异较小；湿地类型的斑块形状趋于简单，其中湖泊斑块形状员简单，非湿地类型的斑块形状趋于复杂，又以林地类型为员。这表明本地区的湿地，特别是湖泊，受到了更大的人类活动影响；湖泊斑块的分布最集中，居民点斑块的分布员分散，这不利于控制流域内的洪涝灾害；从流域的上游到下游，景观多样性和均匀度呈增加的趋势，景观破碎化程度呈下降趋势，这种景观异质性的空间差异反映了流域空间开发历史的长短和人类活动强度的差异。