固相膜萃取-高效液相色谱法测定地下水中的多环芳烃

采用C18固相膜萃取对地下水中15种多环芳烃进行富集净化,以二氯甲烷作洗脱溶剂,高效液相色谱法,荧光检测器测定。对萃取、浓缩和色谱条件进行优化,在1．ooixg／L～40．0μg／L范围内测定标准系列溶液并绘制标准曲线,相关系数R2〉0．999;15种多环芳烃的仪器检出限为0．4ng／L～3．0ng／L;对地下水样品加标,平均回收率在75．7％～96．7％之间;标准溶液平行测定7次的RSD为3．1％～11．9％。     

兰州市空气污染物的变化规律与特征

论述了兰州市 1 993～ 1 996年间 ,室内外空气污染物 ,特别是一些非常规监测指标 ,如 PM1 0 、PM2 .5～ 1 0 和 PM2 .5 的污染规律和分布特征。结果表明兰州市仍以尘污染为主 ,PM1 0 在 TSP中平均占 3 3 %左右 ,而 PM2 .5 占了 PM1 0 的大部分     

方法标准验证实验数据中离群值的识别

对方法标准验证实验中测量数据进行合格性审核,对于后续方法精密度计算是一个重要环节。文献中识别离群值的Grubbs法、Dixon法等经典方法有时不能满足要求。探讨了用稳健统计法识别离群值的可行性。基于2套文献数据和XRF方法标准验证实验精密度测量数据,对Grubbs法、Dixon法、Mandel h检验法、质控指标法和稳健统计法(四分位法、迭代法、合格数据范围判定法)进行了比较。结果表明:稳健统计法可有效识别离群值。但四分位法存在过度"检出"现象。综合考虑多种方法识别结果有利于提高离群值判定结论的可靠性。对于个别难以判断的情形,可借助质控指标、技术要求以及数据是否剔除对实验室间标准偏差的影响进行取舍。     

Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62 cf. 1.47 kg m⁻³) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240 mg L⁻¹. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58 mg L⁻¹), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534 g mol⁻¹) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹ in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50 g mol⁻¹ while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.     

Spectroscopic study of the degradation of antibiotics and the generation of representative EfOM oxidation products in ozonated wastewater

This study examined effects of ozonation on thirteen fluoroquinolone, macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics present in municipal wastewater. Transformations of effluent organic matter (EfOM) caused by ozonation were characterized using absorbance/fluorescence spectroscopy and high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Concentrations of aldehydes and carboxylic acids generated via the oxidation of EfOM were also determined. The absorbance and fluorescence of ozonated wastewater decreased with increasing ozone dose or treatment time. HPSEC data showed that these phenomena corresponded to the oxidation of all EfOM fractions, with some preference towards the degradation of the EfOM molecules with high apparent molecular weight. The removal of antibiotics and production of aldehydes and carboxylic acids were strongly correlated with the changes in both EfOM absorbance and fluorescence. Applications of a model describing the concurrent degradation of trace level contaminants and relative changes of EfOM emission allowed achieving a good fitting between the experimental and modeled ΔC/C₀ vs. ΔA/A₀ and ΔC/C₀ vs. ΔF/F₀ data.     

Characterization of humic substances of different origin by means of mass spectrometry and neural networks

Mass spectrometry fingerprinting of humic acids extracted from different soils has been carried out using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS). LDI-TOF MS provides characteristic mass spectra fingerprints for the humic acids of different origin. The information given in the fingerprints was evaluated for natural grouping trends in the samples by neural networks computing tools, such as self-organizing feature map (SOFM). This approach is efficient for recognizing patterns in the humic acids samples independently of their characteristic variability; variability characterizing natural products such as humic substances. The use of multi-layer perceptron artificial neural networks gave a successful classification of the samples.     

青藏高原东北侧突发性暴雨特征综合分析

对1970-2007年发生在青藏高原东北侧陕西的突发性暴雨研究发现,其夜间降水特点明显,对流层中层较强的偏南气流是突发性暴雨水汽输送贡献最大者和低层辐合的主要动力来源。偏南气流北伸的位置决定突发性暴雨落区偏南或偏北,300hPa一致的纬向12～20m·s-1强风速带为突发性暴雨提供高层抽吸作用。上述两点对突发性暴雨落区有一定的预报指示意义。云图分析显示,突发性暴雨多有中尺度云团配合,上升运动最大值的高度层与突发性暴雨落区地域位置有关。     

煤矿安全预评价的可变模糊识别方法

煤矿安全预评价涉及诸多不确定信息,用传统评价方法难以获得可靠的评价结果。为此,将可变模糊模式识别模型与方法引入煤矿安全领域,提出了煤矿安全预评价的可变模糊识别方法。可变模糊识别方法首先根据指标特征值与指标标准特征值矩阵确定样本的级别上下限,然后利用可变模糊模式识别模型对样本进行识别,得到样本在各级别下的相对隶属度,进而计算级别特征值,并以此为依据进行评价。将该方法应用于黄陵双龙煤矿,得出该矿井的安全等级。结果表明:可变模糊识别方法较文献中方法可更准确地给出安全性等级评价结果,为煤矿安全预评价提供一条新的途径。     

“特色交通标志”设计及其信息量度量方法研究

为提高道路交通标志准确适时的信息传递功能,在对交通标志信息传递原理进行分析的基础上,对"特色交通标志"的设计及交通标志承载的信息量量化方法进行深入研究。基于以人为本的思想,提出便于用路者辨识的"特色交通标志"设计理念,并以青藏公路为例,设计具有西藏地域特色的人性化交通标志。将视觉选择性原理引入到传统信息传递过程中,建立特色交通标志信息传递的理论模型。结合信息论中信息度量方法,提出交通标志信息量数学量化方法,并将普通交通标志与"特色交通标志"的信息量进行对比。结果表明:"特色交通标志"信息量往往较大,但在不超过标志承载最大信息量286.3 bit的前提下,"特色交通标志"信息传递性更强,更易使人们接受。