Hazardous waste site identification using aerial photography: A pilot study in Burlington County,New Jersey,USA

The objective of the project was to identify all hazardous waste sites in Burlington County, New Jersey that could be detected on existing, medium-scale aerial photographs of the county. The complete set of over 1000 black- and-white stereopairs at a scale of 1:12,000 was carefully examined for initial identification of possible sites. All suspicious sites were examined again on color transparencies of the county at the same 1:12,000 scale. Out of the 1094 black- and-white photos, 250 required further checking on color transparencies using a zoom stereoscope. This examination resulted in a final identification of 67 sites, the locations of which were delineated on 1:24,000 USGS maps. The use of air photo interpretation techniques provided an effective procedure for identifying waste sites quickly as well as providing a useful demonstration program for county and state officials.     

城市生活垃圾机械生物处理效果

采用机械生物处理工艺研究了淋洗水解、脱水与好氧生物干燥对城市生活垃圾的处理效果。结果表明:在淋洗水解及压榨脱水机械生物处理阶段,控制淋洗液与生活垃圾重量比2:1,停留时间1.2~1.4 d条件下,生活垃圾可以减量49.7%。而过程中产生的淋滤液COD为 32 939 mg/L、pH为5.1、COD:N:P=261:5:3.6,可以进行厌氧消化处理或作为碳源进行资源化利用。在好氧生物干燥阶段,通风量采用0.08 m3/min,2~3 d堆体温度可升至73℃,7 d左右即可产出LCV高达15 000 kJ/kg左右的高品位垃圾衍生燃料(RDF),其产率为38.2%,氯元素含量低于0.5%,重金属含量较低,满足燃料要求。     

填埋场中亚硝酸还原酶测定条件的优化

填埋垃圾中的含氮化合物经一系列生物脱氮作用,最终使得填埋场中的氮素得以消减,在这一过程中亚硝酸还原酶起着十分重要的作用。以填埋场中的填埋垃圾为研究对象,在土壤亚硝酸还原酶测定方法的基础上,对亚硝酸还原酶活性测定条件进行了优化。结果表明,填埋垃圾中的亚硝酸还原酶活性测定的最优条件为:垃圾样品风干温度25℃,2mL的1%NaNO2溶液和2.5 mL的1%葡萄糖溶液,抽气5 min,置于25℃的培养箱中培养24 h。优化后的测定条件相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.27%,表明该方法具有较高的灵敏度和精密度。     

Usage of polystyrene disposable food dishes in the lightweight concrete making

The increasing use and subsequent accumulation of polystyrene containers has triggered a substantial environmental problem. This study investigated using varied percentages of solid waste polystyrene disposable food dishes in the production of lightweight concrete samples with 350 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) of cement and a density of 1,300 kg/m³. The polystyrene disposable dishes were ground into beads of 0–3 millimeters (mm) and 3–6 mm in size. First, the characteristics of Type II Portland cement, polystyrene, and aggregates were examined. The following characteristics of concrete using ASTM International and British Standards Institution standards were tested: slump, compressive strength, ability to resist chloride ion penetration, and resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing cycles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analytical techniques were also used. The slump of samples varied between 40 and 70 mm and was not dependent on either the polystyrene percentage or the size of the polystyrene beads in the concrete samples (p‐value > .05). The compressive strength of the concrete samples after 90 days of curing, and using different percentages of polystyrene, varied between 96 and 113 kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm²). The resistance of the samples to the freezing and thawing cycle and chloride ion penetration were affected unfavorably by the presence of the polystyrene. The SEM technique indicated that concrete samples containing 15% and 25% polystyrene had denser crystals and less void than concrete samples with 40% and 55% polystyrene.     

生物滤池对气相与液相中污染物质的净化

通过实验室研究探讨了生物滤池同时处理废水和废气的可行性。试验结果表明：在２５℃－３７℃条件下,甲苯废气的流量为９０Ｌ／ｈ,甲苯浓度为５００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３;废水的流量为０．４Ｌ／ｈ,ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度为４００－７５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,甲苯与ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率分别是７０％－７２％和８６％－８９％。     

硫酸铵和尿素对废物焚烧过程中多种途径生成氯苯类的抑制作用

氯苯类(CBz)是废弃物焚烧等过程中产生二英的前驱物,也被认为是实现二英在线检测的良好指示物,同时五氯苯(PeCBz)和六氯苯(HxCBz)也是持久性有机污染物(POPs).但氯苯在废物焚烧过程中的排放和控制尚没有受到足够重视,为此开展了模拟焚烧过程中硫酸铵和尿素对3种氯苯合成途径的抑制作用研究,包括飞灰合成,1,2-二氯代苯(1,2-DiCBz)转化高氯代苯等过程.结果表明,硫酸铵和尿素对氯苯的3种合成途径均有抑制作用,如1%尿素与废物混合焚烧对四氯苯、五氯苯和六氯苯的抑制效率分别达到了66.8%、57.4%和50.4%.比较硫酸铵和尿素对3种过程的抑制作用,认为尿素对氯苯具有更稳定的抑制能力.     

非均相高效催化剂在餐厨废油转化生物柴油中的应用

近年来,非均相催化剂在酯化和转酯化催化制备生物柴油中备受关注。综述了固体碱、固体酸、固定化酶等非均相高效催化剂在生物柴油制备中的研究进展,并展望了新型非均相催化剂在餐厨废油转化制备生物柴油的应用前景。     

Recovery of heavy metals from electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid by ammonia leaching method

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基于废陶瓷的多孔陶瓷研制及其对Ni2+的吸附性能

通过SEM、XRD、FT-IR表征及多孔陶瓷对废水中镍的去除能力,确定多孔陶瓷的制备条件:原料中田菁粉掺杂质量分数为4%,焙烧温度为800℃.SEM和孔结构表征说明,焙烧使多孔陶瓷形貌、结构发生变化;随着焙烧温度的升高,多孔陶瓷的比表面积和孔容呈现降低的趋势,而孔径呈现增大的趋势;EDS分析能表明,原废瓷粉和多孔陶瓷的主要元素组成均为Si、Al、O.SEM、XRD和FT-IR分析表明,多孔陶瓷吸附前后结构稳定.吸附Ni2+的系列实验表明,多孔陶瓷用量为10 g·L-1,吸附时间为60 min,进水pH值为6.32,进水Ni2+浓度在100 mg.L-1以内.在此条件下废水的Ni2+去除率可达89.7%,多孔陶瓷对废水中镍有较好的去除效果.以制备的多孔陶瓷处理含镍废水,考察多孔陶瓷对废水中Ni2+的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,结果表明,多孔陶瓷对Ni2+的吸附过程符合准二阶动力学模型(R2=0.999 9),Qe为9.09 mg·g-1;吸附过程可用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程来描述,温度由20℃升高至40℃,最大吸附量Qm由14.49 mg·g-1上升至15.38 mg·g-1.     

改性凹凸棒土对染料废水脱色初步实验

以凹凸棒土为原料,通过复配造粒、热处理的方法对凹凸棒土进行改性,并用改性后的凹凸棒土对染料废水进行处理。考察了pH值、凹凸棒土用量及吸附时间等因素的影响,探索了最佳工艺条件。结果表明,改性后的凹凸棒土吸附性能有了明显改善,对染料废水进行处理,脱色率可达99%以上,处理废水量与吸附剂比为670颐1,且其原料价廉易得、工艺简单、成本低,是一种较好的脱色吸附剂。