膜萃取处理水溶液中镉、锌离子的工艺

以P204+正庚烷为萃取剂,将中空纤维膜萃取技术用于处理水溶液中镉离子、锌离子.研究了两相流速、初始浓度及溶液pH等因素对传质系数和萃取率的影响,计算了膜萃取器的传质单元高度(HTU)_w,同时还研究了萃取剂的再生问题.实验结果表明,在低浓度下(＜500 mg/L),平衡分配系数较大,传质阻力主要是在水相;在初始浓度较高时(＜2000mg/L),由于分配系数较小,三项传质阻力均不可忽略;在初始浓度很高时(＞2000mg/L),传质由有机相和膜相阻力控制.实验还表明通过膜器串联可以实现萃取剂的再生.对于稀溶液(＜200mg/L),中空纤维膜萃取可以使水溶液中金属离子浓度减小2个数量级,通过计算,中空纤维膜萃取器(HTU)_w在15～30cm之间,大大低于传统的萃取塔.     

有机膦萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中Cr和Fe

采用磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(D2EHPA)和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中的Cr3 与Fe3 .结果表明,在pH 2.2时,采用5?EHPA-正己烷萃取体系,Fe3 的萃取率达到99%,有效地分离了制革污泥淋滤液中的Fe3 和Cr3 .以5 mol·l-1的盐酸作为反萃剂反萃负载有机相,20min时的反萃率可以达到90%左右.以TBP和 D2EHPA为萃取剂萃取分离Cr3 与Fe3 时,降低了污泥淋滤液中Fe3 的萃取率,这是由于TBP的加入降低了D2EHPA的有效浓度.同时TBP的加入阻碍了萃取物分子和反萃剂的接触,降低了Fe3 的反萃率.     

ASE-气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中多种石油烃

采用气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中C_(10)～C_(40)的石油烃,通过优化加速溶剂萃取的条件,使方法在62 mg/L～3 100 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为4.8 mg/kg。用该方法测定石油区短期、中期、长期油井污染土壤样品,5次测定结果的RSD为1.3%～5.2%,加标回收率为84.8%～98.5%,有证标准样品测定结果在可信区间内。     

炼油厂废碱液治理技术的研究

针对炼油厂废碱液存在的问题，研究一种新处理技术—溶剂萃取、破乳和臭氧氧化。为了解不同水质、ｐＨ值、温度的影响而进行试验研究，并获得了最佳操作参数。试验结果表明该技术在脱酚、除油、脱色脱臭方面是一种有效方法。     

硫代氨基甲酸盐提取工业废水中的锌离子

本文主要探索了金属离子络合剂———硫代氨基甲酸盐的合成制备 ,并通过其对锌离子的络合作用 ,以达到脱除金属离子的目的 .实验表明 ,由吗啡啉合成制得的硫代氨基甲酸盐 锌离子络合剂在酸性废水中 ,对锌离子具有良好的络合能力 .通过对废水中金属锌离子的脱除工艺条件的相应探索 ,发现在体系的pH =2～ 6范围内 ,硫代氨基甲酸盐对锌离子的脱除率均达99 %以上     

苯甲酸生产废水的处理与资源化

为有效地回收甲苯液相氧化法生产苯甲酸的工业废水中的苯甲酸和乙酸,并配合废水生物降解的末端处理技术,研究了20%,30%和50%磷酸三丁酯(TBP)/煤油的混合溶剂、正辛醇和甲苯萃取苯甲酸稀溶液特性,以及对工业废水处理的实验.结果表明,TBP对苯甲酸稀溶液具有良好的萃取作用,而纯溶剂体系与溶剂的极性有关,正辛醇的萃取能力与30%TBP相当;残液中的COD_Cr值由萃取剂在水中的溶解和苯甲酸自身的COD_Cr值组成,其中残液中溶剂溶解导致的COD_Cr值随其中苯甲酸浓度变化不明显,且COD_Cr值的大小为:50%TBP≈30%TBP>正辛醇>20%TBP>甲苯.针对工业废水中主要含有苯甲酸和乙酸的工况,提出了废水资源化的处理工艺流程,即首先采用甲苯进行废水中苯甲酸的回收,之后,再利用三烷基氧磷/煤油为萃取剂回收废水中的醋酸,进一步生产绿色化学品乙酸钙镁盐.     

正己烷萃取—此外分光光度法测定矿井水中微量油

在进行矿井水中油类分析时，用正己烷作为萃取剂，以工作曲线代替标准曲线，从而使油平均回收率增加到96％以上。并在正己烷用量、水样预处理等测试参数选择上做了条件试验。     

Determination of antibiotics in sewage from hospitals, nursery and slaughter house, wastewater treatment plant and source water in Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir in China

Sewage samples from 4 hospitals, 1 nursery, 1 slaughter house, 1 wastewater treatment plant and 5 source water samples of Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir were analyzed for macrolide, lincosamide, trimethoprim, fluorouinolone, sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of ofloxacin (OFX) in hospital was the highest among all water environments ranged from 1.660 μg/L to 4.240 μg/L and norfloxacin (NOR, 0.136-1.620 μg/L), ciproflaxacin (CIP, ranged from 0.011 μg/L to 0.136 μg/L), trimethoprim (TMP, 0.061-0.174 μg/L) were commonly detected. Removal range of antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plant was 18-100% and the removal ratio of tylosin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were 100%. Relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for tylosin (TYL), oxytetracycline (OXY) and tetracycline (TET)(100%), while lower removal efficiencies were observed for Trimethoprim (TMP, 1%), Epi-iso-chlorotetracycline (EICIC, 18%) and Erythromycin-H₂O (ERY-H₂O, 24%). Antibiotics were removed more efficiently in primary treatment compared with those in secondary treatment.     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

猪粪中典型类固醇雌激素的固相萃取/GC-MS检测

以猪粪中常见且具有较大潜在危害的E1(雌酮),17α-E2(17α-雌二醇),17β-E2(17β-雌二醇)和E3(雌三醇)为研究对象,建立了猪粪中这4种典型类固醇雌激素的GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱)分析检测方法.着重优化了样品的前处理方法,包括对超声提取剂、超声提取时间、固相萃取淋洗剂、衍生化温度和时间的优化选择.结果表明:在优化的试验条件下,猪粪中的典型雌激素E1,17α-E2,17β-E2和E3检出限分别为8.0,2.5,5.1和3.3 μg/kg,平均加标回收率在92.3%～137.4%之间.