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371.
372.
Rapid growth in marine sand mining for construction and other uses poses environmental challenges to coastal nations virtually
worldwide. Yet the development of management policies, such as a system of fees imposed on operators for damage caused by
mining, has been frustrated by a lack of studies to support such measures. Adapting a Beverton-Holt bioeconomic model, this
paper attempts to contribute to the estimation of external costs to commercial fisheries due to marine mining. Using the major
mining area of Ongjin in Korea as a case study, we estimate economic losses in use value of commercial fisheries through the
time to recovery of the injured resource stocks. Present value of lost catch over a 1-year period from mining to resource
recovery is estimated at $38,851 for a single “prototype” mining site. Estimated cumulative damages due to recurring mining
for 5 and 10 years are $1.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, at 20 mining sites. Sensitivity analyses are used to examine
the effects of alternative assumptions to assess the many sources of uncertainty. Using a form of meta-analysis, dose-response
information is used to assess the excess mortality the mining sediment plume has on eggs and larvae and, ultimately, on the
value of lost catch ($841). Also addressed is the importance of specifying the appropriate “premining” conditions against
which to assess environmental losses at the mining site. Damages estimated with premining fish populations are $23,066 higher
than is the case using postmining conditions. Overall, the illustrative results suggest the variety of complex conditions
which influence damage to fisheries from mining and which can benefit from further study to improve management guidelines.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
373.
374.
Permeation of Cu(II) from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) containing di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of Cu(II), pH (in feed), H2SO4 (stripping) and D2EHPA (in membrane) concentrations have been investigated. The stability of the D2EHPA-coconutoil has also been evaluated. High Cu(II) concentration in the feed leads to an increase in flux from 4.1 × 10-9 to 8.9 × 10-9 mol/(m2·s) within the Cu(II) concentration range 7.8×10-4-78.6×10-4 mol/L at pH of 4.0 in the feed and 12.4 × 10-4 mol/L D2EHPA in the membrane phase. Increase in H2SO4 concentration in strip solution leads to an increase in copper ions flux up to 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, providing a maximum flux of 7.4 × 10-9 mol/(m2·s). The optimum conditions for Cu(II) transport are, pH of feed 4.0, 0.25 mol/L H2SO4 in strip phase and 12.4 × 10-4 mol/L D2EHPA (membrane) in 0.5 (m pore size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. It has been observed that Cu(II) flux across the membrane tends to increase with the concentration of copper ions. Application of the method developed to copper plating bath rinse solutions has been found to be successful in the recovery of Cu(II). rane. It 相似文献
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377.
Semere Solomon Michael Carpenter Todd Allyn Flach 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2008,2(4):502
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) through CO2 flooding has been practiced on a commercial basis for the last 35 years and continues today at several sites, currently injecting in total over 30 million tons of CO2 annually. This practice is currently exclusively for economic gain, but can potentially contribute to the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases provided it is implemented on a large scale. Optimal operations in distributing CO2 to CO2-EOR or enhanced gas recovery (EGR) projects (referred to here collectively as CO2-EHR) on a large scale and long time span imply that intermediate storage of CO2 in geological formations may be a key component. Intermediate storage is defined as the storage of CO2 in geological media for a limited time span such that the CO2 can be sufficiently reproduced for later use in CO2-EHR. This paper investigates the technical aspects, key individual parameters and possibilities of intermediate storage of CO2 in geological formations aiming at large scale implementation of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for deep emission reduction. The main parameters are thus the depth of injection and density, CO2 flow and transport processes, storage mechanisms, reservoir heterogeneity, the presence of impurities, the type of the reservoirs and the duration of intermediate storage. Structural traps with no flow of formation water combined with proper injection planning such as gas-phase injection favour intermediate storage in deep saline aquifers. In depleted oil and gas fields, high permeability, homogeneous reservoirs with structural traps (e.g. anticlinal structures) are good candidates for intermediate CO2 storage. Intuitively, depleted natural gas reservoirs can be potential candidates for intermediate storage of carbon dioxide due to similarity in storage characteristics. 相似文献
378.
Shaun A. Watmough Julian Aherne M. Catherine Eimers Peter J. Dillon 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):301-306
In response to reduced sulphur emissions, there has been a large decrease in sulphate (; −0.97 μeq l−1 year−1) and hydrogen (−1.18 μeq l−1 year−1) ion concentration in bulk precipitation between 1980 and 2000 at Plastic Lake in central Ontario. The benefit of this large
reduction in deposition on stream water chemistry was assessed using the gauged outflow from a conifer-forested catchment (PC1; 23.3 ha),
which is influenced by a small wetland located immediately upstream of the outflow. Sulphate concentrations declined, but
not significantly due to large inter-annual variation in concentration. Between 1980 and 2000, there were significant increases in dissolved organic carbon, ammonium and potassium
concentration likely reflecting increased mineralisation in the wetland. Calcium concentrations in PC1 decreased during the
two decade period (−2.24 μeq l−1 year−1), as a consequence there was no improvement in stream pH and the Ca:Al ratio in PC1 continued to decline. A similar response
was noted in an upland-draining sub-catchment of PC1-08 that has been monitored since 1987. Despite large reductions in deposition and almost complete retention of nitrogen in soil, there has been no improvement (in terms of pH) in stream water
at PC1 due to a combination of soil acidification and climatic (droughts, increased mineralisation) perturbations. 相似文献
379.
Eimers MC Watmough SA Buttle JM Dillon PJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,127(1-3):399-407
Increased sulphate (SO4) export from wetlands following summer droughts in central Ontario, Canada has been associated with the delayed chemical
recovery of downstream surface waters following decreased sulphur (S) emissions. Prolonged summer droughts result in a decrease
or cessation of stream flow, declines in wetland water table level and oxidation of reduced S compounds to SO4, which is subsequently flushed into drainage streams when stream flow resumes. Sulphate input-output budget calculations
(1983–1995 and 1999–2001) at a conifer Sphagnum swamp in the Plastic Lake catchment, indicate that SO4 is retained in most years but is exported on a net basis following particularly severe summer droughts that result in the
cessation of stream flow for more than 54 days (95% CI: 41–72 days). Hindcast calculations using long-term (1916–2000) stream
discharge records from a nearby station indicate that while droughts occurred frequently in south-central Ontario over the
past 85 years, sufficiently dry conditions to cause net SO4 export occurred in only18 of the past 85 years, and indicate a cumulative positive SO4 balance for the swamp (i.e. net SO4 retention). Furthermore, the S pool at the Plastic Lake swamp has been estimated to be ∼1500 kg S/ha in the upper 40 cm peat
layer, which is large compared to the amount of net SO4 export that occurs even in years with particularly dry summers (e.g. −43 kg S/ha in 1987/88). Together, these data suggest
that the wetland S pool at Plastic Lake has not been depleted by previous droughts and will continue to sustain episodic drought-related
SO4 export for the foreseeable future. 相似文献
380.