中国电子电器废弃物回收利用环境影响与管理研究

随着电子技术的迅猛发展,电子电器产品使用寿命大幅缩短,废弃物产生量迅速增加。因为有较高的回收利用价值,作为电子电器产品生产大国,中国WEEE拆解业发达,但作坊式的回收利用产生的持久性有机污染物(POPs)和镉、铬、汞等重金属污染造成了严重的环境危机。发展清洁生产,建立符合中国国情的回收处理体系和收费方式,对符合资质的企业给予补贴,加强科研,加强技术推广,让每个消费者都参与环保事业,建立健全法律法规体系等,是中国电子电器废弃物回收利用的合理途径。     

生物法回收贵金属铂纳米颗粒及其机制

利用自行分离的粪肠球菌Z5(Enterococcus faecalis Z5)菌株(保藏号CCTCC M2012445)回收贵金属铂,探讨了其在外源电子供体条件下以纳米颗粒形式回收溶液中化合态铂的可能性,研究了铂初始浓度、生物量、温度以及p H值对回收过程的影响,探讨了粪肠球菌Z5回收铂纳米颗粒过程的可能机制.结果表明,粪肠球菌Z5菌株可以回收铂纳米颗粒,回收过程主要包括生物吸附和生物还原.铂初始浓度为286.46 mg·L~(-1)、生物量为3.2 g·L~(-1)、温度50℃以及p H值为6时为其最佳回收条件.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)分析表明,回收产物为5 nm左右粒径的铂纳米颗粒,主要分布于细胞周质.X射线电子能谱(XPS)分析显示,Pt(Ⅳ)首先被还原为Pt(Ⅱ),然后被还原为Pt(0),且从Pt(Ⅱ)还原成Pt(0)为限制步骤,傅里叶红外(FTIR)分析显示菌体表面的羟基和酰胺基官能团可能在回收过程中起作用.     

污泥臭氧原位减量工艺中抗生素的去除

建立了两套小试规模的序批式反应器,一套作为污泥臭氧原位减量系统,另一套作为控制系统.通过两系统的长期运行（90 d）考察了污泥臭氧原位减量工艺对9种典型抗生素（四环素、土霉素、强力霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、恩诺沙星和阿奇霉素）的去除效果.结果表明,进水中目标抗生素的存在（9种抗生素各100 μg·L^-1）并未对活性污泥去除COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的效果产生显著影响.污泥臭氧原位减量系统出水中目标抗生素浓度在运行期间保持相对稳定,且与控制系统接近;但污泥中目标抗生素浓度则显著低于控制系统.质量衡算表明目标抗生素在两系统内的输入和输出逐渐达到平衡,臭氧降解和剩余污泥排放分别为减量和控制系统中目标抗生素的主要去除途径.污泥臭氧处理单元可以降解减量系统入水中83%的目标抗生素,而控制系统入水中82%的目标抗生素则随剩余污泥排放.因此,污泥臭氧原位减量工艺可以明显削减活性污泥系统中抗生素的排放,具有重要的实际意义.     

陕西省石煤提钒行业存在的问题及对策研究

陕西的石煤主要分布在陕南秦岭南坡的商洛地区,但大部分石煤钒矿属于难处理矿,钒大部分以V（Ⅲ）和V（Ⅳ）存在,目前企业大多采用“焙烧＋稀酸浸出＋氨法沉钒”或者“强酸浸出＋氨法沉钒”工艺进行生产。存在的问题一是钒的综合回收率为65％左右,整体偏低;二是生产废水中含有大量氨使得废水闭路循环难度大;三是矿区大部分位于汉丹江水系的中上游地区或临近出省断面,选址较为敏感。针对以上存在的问题提出了解决建议．并对陕西省石煤提钒行业的发展做出了展望。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理制药废水试验研究

制药废水由于制药原料化学纯度较高,废水中常含高浓度氮、磷污染物,采用磷酸铵镁沉淀法可同时回收两种元素不仅可以有效同时去除两种污染物,而且可以得到附加值较高的磷酸铵镁盐,因此本研究用磷酸铵镁化学沉淀法小试实验处理制药废水,讨论了磷酸铵镁沉淀法pH、晶种、初始浓度对P0^3- 4和NI-14同时去除的影响。试验结果表明：投加镁盐,在pH=9．5的条件下,可去除90％PO^3- 4,同时可去除15％NH4,在Po^-3 4和NH4浓度较低时,投加晶种可使Po;一去除率提高20％,该法渴望为制药废水处理提供创造经济效益的经验。     

污水中常见违禁药物分析方法优化及验证

违禁药物作为一种新型污染物得到了环境科学界的广泛关注.本文根据国内外已有研究,比较了污水样的前处理条件如SPE柱和水样pH值、冲洗、酸化及复溶过程.结果表明,对实际污水样的前处理应将样品pH值调为2,选用Oasis MCX柱,无需除杂质的冲洗和氮吹过程的酸化步骤,因两种上机测定方法 HILIC-UPLC-MS/MS和C18-UPLC-MS/MS不同而分别选择200μL乙腈和100μL乙腈+100μL 5 mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵复溶.通过比较HILIC法和C18法的保留时间及检出限、定量限、回收率和基质效应等方法评价指标,确定污水样的测定应选用C18-UPLC-MS/MS.最后,将优化后的测定方法用于分析北京市12家污水处理厂的进、出水样,验证了方法的可靠性,为违禁药物的污水流行病学研究和环境风险评价奠定了基础.     

沼气发酵罐热负荷特性研究与排料余热回收装置设计

针对天津市某养殖场沼气工程,基于热平衡模型,模拟分析了沼气发酵罐热负荷特性,发现发酵罐罐体传热负荷和加热发酵料液负荷是沼气生产过程中主要负荷组成部分,而其中加热发酵料液负荷占到了沼气工程总热负荷的87.5%~90.8%,约为发酵罐罐体传热负荷的8倍。为减少发酵罐排料造成的热量损失,设计了1套沼气发酵罐排料余热回收装置,并对其余热回收效率进行模拟计算。结果表明:该装置在春季余热回收量为1 472.3~2 216.5 MJ,夏季为747.4~993.5 MJ,秋季为1 515.7~2 069.3 MJ,冬季为2 526.3~2 707.7 MJ。全年节能率波动范围在25.36%~48.46%,在冬季其节能率仍能达到30%以上,有效减少了排料的热量损失。     

Analysis of the recycling potential of used automotive oil filters using the Life Cycle Assessment approach

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a specific recycling system for used oil filters (UOFs) is environmentally viable by considering all steps of the product's life cycle. In that aspect an analysis of the environmental impacts regarding different waste management scenarios of UOFs in Greece is presented using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. Waste scenarios varied from maximum feasible recycling and recovery of metals and used lubricant oil, to disposal of UOFs to landfills without any prior treatment. In order to perform this analysis, the principles of ISO 14040 were followed and a relevant LCA software was used (SimaPro 7.2). Additionally, the results of a previous work conducted by the authors were deployed, including some experimental measurements undertaken so as to evaluate and quantify the factors affecting the recovery of the lubricant oil contained in used automotive filters. Indicatively, it was estimated that a maximum of 1340 tons of used oil and 1810 tons of steel are disposed every year in Greece, as a result of the non-effective management of used automotive filters.     

Environmental assessment of different management options for individual waste fractions by means of life-cycle assessment modelling

Several alternatives exist for handling of individual waste fractions, including recycling, incineration and landfilling. From an environmental point of view, the latter is commonly considered as the least desirable option. Many studies based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) highlight the environmental benefits offered by incineration and especially by recycling. However, the landfilling option is often approached unjustly in these studies, maybe disregarding the remarkable technological improvements that landfills have undergone in the last decades in many parts of the world.This study, by means of LCA-modelling, aims at comparing the environmental performance of three major management options (landfilling, recycling and incineration or composting) for a number of individual waste fractions. The landfilling option is here approached comprehensively, accounting for all technical and environmental factors involved, including energy generation from landfill gas and storage of biogenic carbon. Leachate and gas emissions associated to each individual waste fraction have been estimated by means of a mathematical modelling. This approach towards landfilling emissions allows for a more precise quantification of the landfill impacts when comparing management options for selected waste fractions.Results from the life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) show that the environmental performance estimated for landfilling with energy recovery of the fractions “organics” and “recyclable paper” is comparable with composting (for “organics”) and incineration (for “recyclable paper”). This however requires high degree of control over gas and leachate emissions, high gas collection efficiency and extensive gas utilization at the landfill. For the other waste fractions, recycling and incineration are favourable, although specific emissions of a variety of toxic compounds (VOCs, PAHs, NO_x, heavy metals, etc.) may significantly worsen their environmental performance.     

Environmental impact of meat meal fertilizer vs. chemical fertilizer

Animal by-products (ABP) are rich in nutrients and energy. This LCA study assessed and compared the environmental impact of using meat meal as fertilizer with that of using chemical fertilizer. In one system the nutrient content of ABP Category 2 was recovered and used as a meat meal fertilizer on arable land, replacing chemical fertilizers. In the other system a chemical fertilizer was used and the energy content of the ABP material recovered. The functional unit consisted of one kg of harvested spring wheat and treatment of 0.59 kg of ABP Category 2. The system for nutrient recovery and chemical fertilizer replacement had lower emissions of greenhouse gases and acidification than the energy recovery system, but had higher total use of energy and eutrophying emissions. Overall, the results of the study greatly depended on the fuels replaced.