鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究

从1997年开始在金门进行鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究，内容包括人工培育稚鲎、成鲎引入野外产卵复育试验、人工栖息地复育试验。同时，关于鲎的地理亲缘关系的研究，对探讨西太平洋地区生物多样性成因及三棘鲎的保护遗传问题都具有相当的价值。     

Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants

Reintroductions are important components of conservation and recovery programs for rare plant species, but their long-term success rates are poorly understood. Previous reviews of plant reintroductions focused on short-term (e.g., ≤3 years) survival and flowering of founder individuals rather than on benchmarks of intergenerational persistence, such as seedling recruitment. However, short-term metrics may obscure outcomes because the unique demographic properties of reintroductions, including small size and unstable stage structure, could create lags in population growth. We used time-to-event analysis on a database of unusually well-monitored and long-term (4–28 years) reintroductions of 27 rare plant species to test whether life-history traits and population characteristics of reintroductions create time-lagged responses in seedling recruitment (i.e., recruitment time lags [RTLs]), an important benchmark of success and indicator of persistence in reintroduced populations. Recruitment time lags were highly variable among reintroductions, ranging from <1 to 17 years after installation. Recruitment patterns matched predictions from life-history theory with short-lived species (fast species) exhibiting consistently shorter and less variable RTLs than long-lived species (slow species). Long RTLs occurred in long-lived herbs, especially in grasslands, whereas short RTLs occurred in short-lived subtropical woody plants and annual herbs. Across plant life histories, as reproductive adult abundance increased, RTLs decreased. Highly variable RTLs were observed in species with multiple reintroduction events, suggesting local processes are just as important as life-history strategy in determining reintroduction outcomes. Time lags in restoration outcomes highlight the need to scale success benchmarks in reintroduction monitoring programs with plant life-history strategies and the unique demographic properties of restored populations. Drawing conclusions on the long-term success of plant reintroduction programs is premature given that demographic processes in species with slow life-histories take decades to unfold.     

油藏厌氧微生物研究进展

地下深层油藏是独特的缺氧环境,目前还没有直接的微生物学证据表明油藏中存在真正意义上的“本源微生物”,但经注水开发后的油藏中确实蕴藏着复杂的微生物区系.油藏性质决定了油藏厌氧微生物特殊的群落结构,而油藏微生物的作用也可以改变油藏的理化及地质学特性.油藏中厌氧微生物按生理类群主要可分为发酵细菌、硝酸盐还原菌、铁还原菌、硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷古菌.本文综述了国内外近年来油藏微生物学的研究进展,简述了微生物分子生态学在油藏微生物学研究中的应用,并对当前的研究提出了一些思考.图1参37     

MAP晶体捕集反应器回收猪场厌氧消化液中磷的研究

研究了磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶法晶体捕集反应器在曝气条件下回收猪场厌氧消化液中磷元素的能力.结果表明,利用曝气方式提高猪场厌氧消化液的p H值,进行MAP结晶回收磷完全可行.MAP的饱和度指数(SI)与废水p H值呈多项式函数关系,结晶反应的最佳p H值为8.5~9.0;随着曝气时间延长至180 min,反应器内废水p H值可提高至8.5;常温下(25℃),反应器内MAP回收磷的反应动力学的反应级数(n)为1.98,速率常数(K25)为7.04×10-4L·mg-1·min-1;反应器单个运行周期为270 min;磷的平均去除率为82%左右.MAP晶体捕集反应器上的晶体在一个反应周期内即可成形,随着反应周期的增加,晶体颗粒逐渐增大.利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对捕集器所捕集的晶体进行了表征,证实晶体为高纯度的MAP.     

利用白云石石灰去除和回收污泥消化液中磷的响应面法优化研究

针对污水处理厂污泥消化上清液的组成特点,利用白云石石灰去除和回收污泥消化液中的磷.同时,根据Box-Behnken Design实验设计及响应面法进行工艺优化,对实验过程中药剂的投加量(X1)、反应初始pH值(X2)及反应温度(X3)3个重要影响因素的单独作用及各因素之间的交互作用进行了考察,并建立了数学模型.结果表明,响应曲面模型拟合度较高(R2为0.9680),回归方程中X1、X2、X3、X1X3、X21、X22对磷去除率影响显著;综合考虑操作的简便性及经济性,选取最佳条件组合为:白云石石灰投加量300 mg·L-1,初始pH值9.0,反应温度25℃,验证实验结果为89.08%,与预测值相比偏差为0.39%.通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射表征技术分析结晶沉淀组成和晶形特征,表明产物中含有磷酸铵镁晶体、无定形磷酸钙及杂质碳酸钙等.     

Effects of introducing energy recovery processes to the municipal solid waste management system in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systemswith a viewof recovering energy fromwaste or reducing greenhouse gasemissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production, incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently, 3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sortingmay be considered as the second step of energy recovery. However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment.     

Recovery from job stress: The stressor‐detachment model as an integrative framework

This paper reviews empirical evidence on psychological detachment from work during nonwork time. Psychological detachment as a core recovery experience refers to refraining from job‐related activities and thoughts during nonwork time; it implies to mentally disengage from one's job while being away from work. Using the stressor‐detachment model as an organizing framework, we describe findings from between‐person and within‐person studies, relying on cross‐sectional, longitudinal, and daily‐diary designs. Overall, research shows that job stressors, particularly workload, predict low levels of psychological detachment. A lack of detachment in turn predicts high strain levels and poor individual well‐being (e.g., burnout and lower life satisfaction). Psychological detachment seems to be both a mediator and a moderator in the relationship between job stressors on the one hand and strain and poor well‐being on the other hand. We propose possible extensions of the stressor‐detachment model by suggesting moderator variables grounded in the transactional stress model. We further discuss avenues for future research and offer practical implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Weekly work–school conflict,sleep quality,and fatigue: Recovery self‐efficacy as a cross‐level moderator

This study employed a weekly diary method among a sample of 74 Midwestern college student workers in order to examine the within‐person relationships between work–school conflict, sleep quality, and fatigue over five weeks. Further, recovery self‐efficacy was proposed as a cross‐level moderator of the relation between sleep quality and fatigue. Results from multilevel analyses demonstrated that weekly work–school conflict was negatively related to weekly sleep quality and positively related to end‐of‐week fatigue, with sleep quality partially mediating the relation between work–school conflict and fatigue. These findings enhance understanding of the process by which work–school conflict contributes to college student workers' strain on a weekly basis. Additionally, student workers with low recovery self‐efficacy demonstrated a negative relation between sleep quality and fatigue; however, this relation did not exist for student workers with high recovery self‐efficacy. This finding suggests recovery self‐efficacy as an important resource that may reduce the association between poor sleep quality (as a result of work–school conflict) and fatigue. The current findings provide important theoretical and practical implications for researchers, organizations, and college institutions as a whole. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改性聚乙烯亚胺捕集和回收水中的Cu2+

为提高含铜废水的处理效果及简化处理流程,采用CS₂、NaOH对聚乙烯亚胺进行改性,制备出一种新型高分子絮凝剂--PEX（聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠）.以含Cu2+水样为处理对象,探讨了初始ρ（Cu2+）、pH、共存无机物质、有机物质以及浊度对PEX捕集Cu2+性能的影响,并考察了螯合絮体中Cu2+的回收情况.结果表明:PEX对含Cu2+水样具有很好的捕集性能,Cu2+去除率最高可达到100%;PEX对Cu2+的去除效果随着水样初始pH的升高而增强,但pH位于PEX等电点处时,Cu2+去除率有所降低.在较低的PEX投加量下,水样中共存的NaCl、CaCl₂、NaNO₃、Na₂SO₄、柠檬酸、焦磷酸钠对PEX去除Cu2+均可起到促进作用,而共存的EDTA、氨基乙酸、浊度对PEX去除Cu2+具有一定的抑制作用;增加PEX投加量后,可减弱或消除上述影响.螯合絮体采用HNO₃溶液进行静态浸泡30 d后,Cu的回收率可达100%.研究显示,PEX能有效去除和回收水样中的Cu2+.      

白龟湖水源保护区生态修复技术研究

白龟湖水源保护区是南水北调中线工程的调蓄湖泊,是平顶山市区重要饮用水源地.针对水源保护区生态特征及存在的主要生态问题,提出构建入库河流生态修复、上游流域水土保持、河口人工浮岛、库区水体生物链、人工湿地及生态驳岸复合水生态系统等生态修复技术,为白龟湖水源保护区生态环境保护和改善以及饮水安全保障提供重要技术支撑.通过生态修复工程的实施,可使白龟湖水源保护区水质得到有效的保护,实现城市饮用水水质稳定达标.