The dissolution kinetics of major elements in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash particles

Leaching and tracer experiments in batches at L/S 20 were performed with 3-month-old MSWI bottom ash separated into eight different particle sizes. The time-dependent leaching of major elements (Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+), Cl(-) and SO(4)(-2)) was monitored for up to 747 h. Physical properties of the particles, the specific surface (BET), pore volume and pore volume distribution over pore sizes (BJH) were determined for all particle classes by N(2) adsorption/desorption experiments. Some common features of physical pore structure for all particles were revealed. The specific surface and the particle pore volume were found to be negatively correlated with particle size, ranging from 3.2 m(2)/g to 25.7 m(2)/g for the surface area and from 0.0086 cm(3)/g to 0.091 cm(3)/g for the pore volume. Not surprisingly, the specific surface area was found to be the major material parameter that governed the leaching behavior for all elements (Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+), Cl(-) and SO(4)(-2)) and particle sizes. The diffusion resistance was determined independently by separate tracer (tritium) experiments. Diffusion gave a significant contribution to the apparent leaching kinetics for all elements during the first 10-40 h (depending on the particle size) of leaching and surface reaction was the overall rate controlling mechanism at late times for all particle sizes. For Ca(2+) and SO(4)(-2), the coupled effect of diffusion resistance and the degree of under-saturation in the intra particle pore volume was found to be a major rate limiting dissolution mechanism for both early and late times. The solubility control in the intra particulate porosity may undermine any attempt to treat bottom ash by washing out the sulfate. Even for high liquid/solid ratios, the solubility in the intra-particular porosity will limit the release rate.     

A Seven Months Prospective Study of the Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Ash from Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico

This paper describes the 7 month follow-up of 35 non-smoker farmers exposed to suspended particles of volcanic ash of Popocatepetl volcano in central Mexico during a series of small explosive eruptions which occurred the last week of 1994 and the first week of 1995 as well as several smaller eruptions until April 1995. There was concern about the effect that the ash might have on the airways. Spirometric parameters and respiratory symptoms were recorded at the baseline and 7 months after the exposure. Analysis of spirometric data showed a significant low forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) that occurred during the major exposure period. This finding was possibly acute exposure-related because 7 months later, FVC and FEV1 increased to the normal predicted values. Self-reported respiratory and ocular symptoms showed a similar pattern. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that short exposure to volcanic ash is associated with reversible inflammation of the airways. The reversibility was explained by the small total ash volume as well as by the non-fibrogenic nature of the Popocatepetl ash, because the content of free silica was less than 3.5%.     

粉煤灰复合吸附剂的研制及其在工业废水除氟中的应用

粉煤灰复合吸附剂是一种新型得除氟剂,具有良好的吸附性能,在一定条件下,可用于处理高含氟量的工业废水,粉煤灰复合吸附剂处理50mg/L左右的含F^－废水时,当投加量为0．6％－0．8％时,去除率可达90％以上,从而达到排放标准,粉煤灰复合吸附剂所需原料易得,除氟后可将原料固化制成建筑用砖,合理利用。     

粉煤灰/污泥烧结陶粒的研制与应用

以粉煤灰和工业污水处理站的剩余污泥为主要原材料,采用烧结法研制复合陶粒.分析了不同配方和不同烧结温度对陶粒性能的影响,以陶粒吸水率、容重为评价指标确定最佳配比和最佳烧结温度,并对陶粒用于铺设景观水底、治理城市水体进行了可行性分析.粉煤灰/污泥陶粒的容重为0.79～0.90 g/m3,吸水率为68.95%～80.01%.陶粒对水中氨氮和总磷吸附容量分别为0.03～0.05 mg/g和0.01～0.02 mg/g.     

加速碳酸化技术对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属稳定性影响研究

对南方某城市生活垃圾焚烧厂新鲜焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收及其碳酸化的过程进行了研究,实验从水分添加量、CO₂的分压等因素,考察了飞灰中重金属Pb的稳定化效果,并利用X射线衍射实验(XRD)、扫描电镜实验(SEM)对反应机理进行了分析.结果表明,不添加水分时,焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收效果较差;当水分添加量大于10％时,焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收效果较好.焚烧飞灰对纯CO₂的吸收效果较好,空气中的CO₂含量较低,在反应1 d后吸收效果不是十分明显.XRD实验结果表明,CO₂的吸收会使焚烧飞灰中大量的Ca(OH)₂与CO₂反应转化为CaCO₃,从而降低焚烧飞灰的碱性;部分重金属的氧化物会被碳酸化成生相应的碳酸盐.SEM实验结果表明,经过碳酸化处理后的飞灰颗粒表面生成了片状和圆柱状的晶体物质.     

酸浸粉煤灰制备复合混凝剂及其处理生活污水的效果研究

研究了以粉煤灰和H_２ＳＯ₄为原料,常温常压下搅拌反应制备复合混凝剂的方法,考查了酸种类、酸浓度、酸灰比、搅拌时间等因素对Fe^３＋、Al^３＋溶出效果和生活污水混凝效果的影响.结果表明,酸灰比5 mL/g、浓度2 mol/Ｌ的H_２ＳＯ₄溶液与粉煤灰搅拌4 h并静置30 min后制得的混凝剂,其中Fe^３＋的浓度为0 .010 8 mol/Ｌ,溶出率为11 .4%;Al^３＋的浓度为0 .035 4 mol/Ｌ,溶出率为4 .3%;对生活污水的COD去除率70 .4%,SS去除率91 .9%,与市售聚合混凝剂效果相当,是一种有开发利用价值的水处理剂.     

钙质煤渣吸附剂脱除烟气中二氧化硫的实验研究

利用锅炉本身排出的煤渣作脱硫剂的基本核粒,配人少量的石灰,加水搅拌均匀,使石灰裹覆在煤渣颗粒表面,制成具有较大比表面积的钙质煤渣脱硫剂,用于烟气脱硫实验研究.实验结果表明,钙制煤渣脱硫剂比未经处理的煤渣脱硫率高,在一定的石灰添加范围内(10%～20%),脱硫率随石灰添加量的增加而增加,并存在一最佳用量.     

采用烧结法降低垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出毒性的研究

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）对垃圾焚烧飞灰和造粒烧结后试样中重金属的浸出量进行分析.研究表明,随着烧结时间的增加和烧结温度的提高,大多数重金属浸出毒性都有所降低.对造粒后的飞灰物料进行低温烧结处理,烧结工艺参数可初步定为造粒直径为15mm,烧结温度为950℃-1100℃,烧结时间约为20min.     

脱硝副产物硫酸氢铵在飞灰表面沉积与演化特性

空预器堵塞常来源于脱硝副产物硫酸氢铵(ABS)与飞灰的共沉积,通过模拟空预器内温度场,探究ABS与飞灰共存条件下的沉积与演化特性,以期为空预器堵塞防治提供指导.飞灰对烟气中生成的ABS存在捕集和吸附作用,提高了ABS沉积速率与初始生成温度.在100μL/L SO₃与50μL/L NH₃条件下,ABS的初始沉积温度在240～270℃之间.高温段反应篮内无明显的ABS液滴存在,飞灰存在结块现象;低温段反应篮壁面出现少量小液滴,飞灰呈现大颗粒状.ABS沉积将导致飞灰颗粒的积聚和粘附,并在飞灰表面转化为分解温度较高的各种硫酸盐类物质.与低温段硫酸滴在飞灰上演化形成的硫酸盐相比,ABS转化形成的硫酸盐具有较低的相对分解温度.     

浅谈火电项目山谷干灰场水土流失防治对策——以徐矿集团新疆阿克苏热电厂为例

火电厂项目建设对生态环境的影响越来越引起人们的重视,特别是山谷千贮灰场,无论在建设期还是运营期都是火电厂项目防治水土流失的重中之重,其治理已成为人们广泛关注的问题。本文以徐矿集团新疆阿克苏热电厂为例,针对灰场水土流失的各个环节,提出具体的防治对策。