氨与甲苯SOA形成含氮有机物的影响因素研究

利用自制的烟雾腔系统使臭氧光解产生OH自由基,启动甲苯光氧化产生二次有机气溶胶（SOA）粒子,在不同的实验条件下研究甲苯SOA与氨反应形成的含氮有机物,并采用紫外-可见分光光度计测量反应产物溶液在205和270nm处的吸光度,探究光照时间、甲苯、氨、臭氧浓度和相对湿度等环境因素对含氮有机物形成的影响规律.结果表明,有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着紫外光照时间的延长,甲苯、氨和臭氧的浓度的增加而逐渐增大.但是当臭氧浓度超过一定值后,光解生成的高浓度OH自由基能够使甲苯光氧化产物变成更多的挥发性化合物,从而不利于含氮有机物的生成.水分子的增加会使臭氧光解产生的OH自由基浓度减少,从而导致有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着相对湿度的增大而降低.这为研究人为源SOA颗粒中含氮有机物棕色碳的形成提供了实验依据.     

Brominated dioxins and furans in a cement kiln co-processing municipal solid waste

A field study and theoretical calculations were performed to clarify the levels, profiles, and distributions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PBDD/Fs) in a cement kiln co-processing solid waste, with a focus on the PBDF formation mechanism.The raw materials contributed greatly to input of PBDD/Fs into the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the raw materials were much higher than those in particle samples from different process stages in the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the clinkers were1.40% of the concentrations in the raw materials, which indicated that the high destruction efficiencies for PBDD/Fs by cement kiln. PBDD/F distribution patterns in particle samples collected from different process stages indicated the cement kiln backend was a major site for PBDD/F formation. PBDFs with high levels of halogenation, such as heptabrominated furans(Hp BDF), were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations and accounted for 42%–73% of the total PBDD/F concentrations in the particle samples. Our results showed that co-processing of municipal solid waste in a cement kiln may influence the congener profile of PBDD/Fs, especially for the higher halogenated PBDD fraction. In addition, there were significant correlations between the decabromodiphenyl ether and heptabrominated furan concentrations, which is an indicator of transformation from polybrominated diphenyl ethers to PBDD/Fs. Theoretical calculations were performed and demonstrated that elimination of HBr and Br_2 from polybrominated diphenyl ethers were the dominant formation pathways for PBDD/Fs. These pathways differed from that for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs).     

北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征

颗粒物是北京市首要空气污染物,其排放控制是大气污染防治的重要内容,施工扬尘是北京市大气颗粒物的重要来源.由于人口增长及经济的发展,住宅及办公场地的需求不断增加,使得北京市房屋建筑施工面积居高不下,建筑施工扬尘污染受到越来越多的关注,但有关量化施工扬尘排放量及其对北京市空气污染贡献的研究相对较少.本文建立一套建筑施工扬尘排放量的估算方法,采用本地化排放因子估算了北京市2000~2015年建筑施工扬尘排放量,识别施工扬尘的排放特征和规律,并定量了排放量的不确定性范围.采用WRF/CMAQ模式系统模拟量化建筑施工扬尘对空气质量的影响,提出施工扬尘污染控制对策和建议,为环境决策提供参考.结果表明,多年来北京市建筑施工扬尘排放量呈波浪式上升,近年来施工面积有所回落,但仍处于高位,颗粒物排放量仍然较大,需要引起足够的重视;在时间分布上,夏季和秋季的施工扬尘排放量较大,在空间分布上,施工扬尘主要集中在城市功能拓展区和近郊区,与人类活动的外延和城镇化的逐步向外发展有关.建筑施工扬尘对全市环境空气中PM_(10)和PM2.5浓度贡献可达31.3μg·m~(-3)和9.6μg·m~(-3).通过污染控制情景设置和分析,本研究认为要使2030年施工扬尘排放得到较好地削减,应执行更加严格的绿色施工管理规程和加强施工环境监管.     

垃圾填埋有色溶解性有机质与铜络合机制

为了阐明填埋场中重金属的形态演变机制,采用三维荧光光谱、荧光猝灭滴定技术及平行因子分析,研究了不同填埋年限垃圾中有色溶解性有机物(colored dissolved organic matter,CDOM)与Cu(Ⅱ)的络合过程.结果表明,填埋垃圾CDOM中含有类蛋白、类富里酸及类胡敏酸物质,随着填埋时间的延伸,类蛋白物质含量呈下降趋势,而类富里酸和类胡敏酸含量呈上升趋势.填埋垃圾CDOM中类蛋白物质对Cu(Ⅱ)络合能力和参与络合的荧光基团比例存在差异,络合的条件稳定常数在4.00~5.75之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在22.78%~95.30%之间;而类腐殖质与Cu(Ⅱ)作用的条件稳定常数和参与络合的荧光基团比例变化较小,类胡敏酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.71~5.54之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在42.35%~61.46%之间,类富里酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.44~5.25之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在46.14%~57.22%之间.类富里酸和类胡敏酸与Cu(Ⅱ)的结合能力都随着填埋年限的增加而降低,但参与络合的荧光基团比例增加,并且类胡敏酸物质与重金属的结合能力强于类富里酸,但参与配位的官能团较类富里酸少.     

轻型汽油车简易瞬态工况法与定容全流稀释采样法(CVS)的排放相关性

选取25辆国2~国5标准在用轻型汽油车分别采用简易瞬态工况法(VMAS)与定容全流稀释采样法(CVS)开展了排放实测,分析了两种方法实测的排放因子相关性.结果表明,轻型汽油车排放水平总体随排放标准提升而呈下降趋势,国2和国3标准车辆中存在一定的高排放现象,国4及以上标准车型排放相对较低.VMAS和CVS方法的排放相关性随标准提升而显著下降,对国4及以上标准车辆的CO和HC+NO_x排放的相对偏差分别达到197%和177%.对较高排放车辆,两种方法检测结果的相关系数达到0.75~0.85;对较低排放车辆,相关系数仅为0.46左右,若将在用车排放标准进一步收严,采用VMAS检测的误判率将显著上升.随着我国机动车排放水平的不断下降,总体来看,VMAS检测对高排放标准车辆的适用性相对较差,有必要在用车排放检测方法方面开展更为深入的研究.     

长三角部分水源水氯化消毒后卤乙酸形成的多元回归模型研究

以长三角比较有代表性的3处水源(太湖、钱塘江、金兰水库)为实验对象,研究不同消毒条件下9种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs)的形成及其影响因素,并通过建立多元回归模型来评估水源水氯化后HAAs的形成.结果表明:HAAs的形成水平依次为太湖钱塘江金兰水库,且均以二卤乙酸(dihaloacetic acid,DHAA)、三卤乙酸(trihaloacetic acid,THAA)为主.二氯乙酸(dichloroacetic acid,DCAA)、总二卤乙酸(ΣDHAA)、HAA5(USEPA规定的5种HAAs)、HAA9(9种HAA的简称)的回归模型具有良好的预测潜力,准确率达83.3%~94.4%,而三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCAA)、一溴二氯乙酸(bromodichloroacetic acid,BDCAA)、ΣTHAA(总三卤乙酸)模型的预测准确率较低,只有47.2%~61.1%.根据偏相关系数分析,影响DCAA、ΣDHAA、HAA5的关键的因子是溶解性有机碳;影响TCAA、ΣTHAA、HAA9的关键的因子是投氯量;影响BDCAA形成的最关键因子是溴离子.     

基于改进灰色聚类法的矿区土壤重金属污染评价

在传统灰色聚类法的基础上,以白化函数为突破口进行模型优化改进,并将其应用于马鞍山重点矿区土壤重金属污染评价中。结果表明:通过e型指数函数优化的白化函数评价范围更广,不遗漏任何重要信息;纳入生物毒性因子的双因子权重赋值法可挖掘出潜在的污染因子,使其评价应用更为合理;改进灰色聚类法较传统灰聚类法等更能综合地反映多种重金属联合作用下对土壤环境质量的影响,使其评价结果更为客观。     

On-road emissions of CO, CO2 and NOX from four wheeler and emission estimates for Delhi

This study presents the emission factor of gaseous pollutants(CO, CO_2, and NO X) from on-road tailpipe measurement of 14 passenger cars of different types of fuel and vintage. The trolley equipped with stainless steel duct, vane probe velocity meter, flue gas analyzer, Nondispersive infra red(NDIR) CO_2 analyzer, temperature, and relative humidity(RH) sensors was connected to the vehicle using a towing system. Lower CO and higher NO X emissions were observed from new diesel cars(post 2010) compared to old cars(post 2005), which implied that new technological advancement in diesel fueled passenger cars to reduce CO emission is a successful venture,however, the use of turbo charger in diesel cars to achieve high temperature combustion might have resulted in increased NO X emissions. Based on the measured emission factors(g/kg), and fuel consumption(kg), the average and 95% confidence interval(CI) bound estimates of CO, CO_2,and NO X from four wheeler(4W) in Delhi for the year 2012 were 15.7(1.4–37.1), 6234(386–12,252),and 30.4(0.0–103) Gg/year, respectively. The contribution of diesel, gasoline and compressed natural gas(CNG) to total CO, CO_2 and NO X emissions were 7:84:9, 50:48:2 and 58:41:1respectively. The present work indicated that the age and the maintenance of vehicle both are important factors in emission assessment therefore, more systematic repetitive measurements covering wide range of vehicles of different age groups, engine capacity, and maintenance level is needed for refining the emission factors with CI.     

成都西南郊区春季PM2.5中元素特征及重金属潜在生态风险评价

于2012年和2014年春季在成都西南郊区采集PM_(2.5)样品,采用重量法测定PM_(2.5)的浓度,利用X射线荧光光谱法测定PM_(2.5)中24种元素的质量浓度,运用地累积指数法和富集因子法分别讨论了PM_(2.5)中元素的污染特征、富集程度及来源,并用潜在生态风险指数法对PM_(2.5)中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,成都西南郊区春季PM_(2.5)的质量浓度处于相对较高的水平;PM_(2.5)中元素组成特征表现为K和S的质量分数最高,Ga、Cs、Co、Cd、V的质量分数最低.国内外典型城市比较发现,不同城市PM_(2.5)中元素质量浓度水平存在较大差异.地累积指数结果表明,PM_(2.5)中As、Br、S、Cd、Se、Pb、Cl和Zn污染程度较严重.富集因子分析表明,PM_(2.5)中Se、Cd为超富集,As、Br、Cl、Pb、Zn、S为高度富集,Cu、Cs、Ni、Ga、Co为中度富集,这些元素主要受人为污染影响,受自然源的影响很小;Cr、Mn、Ca、V为轻度富集,受自然源和人为源的共同作用;Na、Ti、Al、Si和Mg为基本无富集或微量富集,主要来自于土壤尘或扬尘源.潜在生态危害指数法评价显示,PM_(2.5)中重金属单因子潜在生态危害程度大小为CdAsPbCuZnNiCoCrMnVTi,重金属联合的潜在生态风险为极强,Cd是多种重金属联合的潜在生态风险指数中的主要贡献因子.     

厄立特里亚科卡矿区水质量评价及水污染特征研究

在2008年-2010年分别对厄立特里亚Zara矿区11个地下水和6个地表水(雨季采样)采样点进行抽样检测,运用世界卫生组织饮用水标准对26个水质指标进行单因子评价.结果表明,该地区水质因受地层矿物溶滤成分的影响不适合直接饮用.地下水中重金属超标严重,硫酸盐、溴酸盐和总磷也高于饮用水的最大允许水平(MPL).各指标在空间分布上差异较大,距矿区较远的监测点水质相对较好.地表水中仅总Fe和总Al含量超标,优于地下水水质,最大超标倍数分别为12.9倍和18.8倍.