Impact of urbanization trends on production of key staple crops

Urbanization has appropriated millions of hectares of cropland, and this trend will persist as cities continue to expand. We estimate the impact of this conversion as the amount of land needed elsewhere to give the same yield potential as determined by differences in climate and soil properties. Robust spatial upscaling techniques, well-validated crop simulation models, and soil, climate, and cropping system databases are employed with a focus on populous countries with high rates of land conversion. We find that converted cropland is 30–40% more productive than new cropland, which means that projection of food production potential must account for expected cropland loss to urbanization. Policies that protect existing farmland from urbanization would help relieve pressure on expansion of agriculture into natural ecosystems.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01674-z.     

傅立叶变换红外光谱法在环境监测中的应用进展

综述了傅立叶变换红外光谱法在水环境监测、大气环境监测、固体和土壤环境监测,以及突发性环境污染事故、“防化学战争”和“反恐怖活动”应急监测中的应用,指出该方法已成为鉴别未知污染物和环境监测的重要工具。     

稀土复合氧化物加少量贵金属的汽车尾气催化剂的初步研究

本文对稀土添加少量贵金属的汽车尾气催化剂进行了研究,包括稀土氧化物对涂层热稳定性的影响、活性组分浸渍方式对活性的影响。说明不同的浸渍方式对催化剂活性作用不同,分浸比共浸的效果好,ＣＯ起燃温度降低１５￣３０℃,并与贵金属催化剂进行对比,说明钙钛矿结构催化剂具有良好的耐久性,９５０℃水热老化１６ｈ后,起燃温度及最大净化效率没有明显变化。     

嗜热厌氧细菌Clostridium sp.EVA4菌株直接转化纤维素产乙醇的研究

用分离获得的嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌 Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ ｓｐ ． Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株进行了直接转化纤维素产生乙醇的动力学、发酵最适条件及其影响因子的研究．结果表明, Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株在ｐ Ｈ６ ．２ ～８ ．９ ,θ４５ ℃～６０ ℃的范围内能直接转化纤维素滤纸产生乙醇,最适ｐ Ｈ 为７ ．５ ～８ ．０ ,最适θ为５５ ～６０ ℃． Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株能利用纤维素滤纸,纤维素粉 Ｗｈａｔｍａｎ Ｃ Ｆ Ｉ Ｉ,微晶纤维素,纤维素粉 Ｍ Ｎ３００ 和未经处理的玉米秆芯,甘蔗渣,水稻秸秆产生乙醇．乙醇浓度 ,纤维素降解率和培养基还原糖浓度均随培养时间延长而增大．不同的纤维素材料、ｐ Ｈ、θ、底物浓度、酵母粉含量、振荡、培养气相、外加 Ｏ２ 和乙醇等条件均能影响 Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株转化纤维素为乙醇的能力．最适条件下 Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株利用１ ％ 纤维素滤纸培养１２０ ｈ 产乙醇浓度为１ １２３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,纤维素降解率为５９ ％     

大功率高压变频器在冶金除尘系统中的应用

论述了冶金行业除尘系统中通过对大功率电机进行调速达到节能目的的可行性,列举了在冶金除尘系统中采用高压变频器调速的优势,并与其它调速方式进行了比较.给出了高压变频器的组成结构,对高压变频器的控制进行了描述,对高压变频器在各行业的广泛应用充满信心.     

SOIL-MOISTURE EFFECTS OF CONVERSION OF SAGEBRUSH COVER TO BUNCHGRASS COVER1

Precipitation, soil moisture, runoff, and vegetation were measured on two, 5- to 10-acre, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) watersheds and two, equally small, beardless bluebunch wheatgrass (Agrophron inerme) watersheds that were converted from big sagebrush in 1967. The watersheds are located near Wolcott, Colorado, at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and are mantled with 2 to 3 feet of silty clay soils. Annual precipitation was about 13.5 inches; about 9 inches occurred as rain or snow from April through October and about 4.5 inches accumulated as a snowpack from November through March. Evapotranspiration was about 2 inches greater in 1968 and 1 inch greater in 1969 from the sagebrush watersheds than from the grass watersheds. With a mature stand of grass in 1970 and 1971 the differences in evapotranspiration were within the range of differences measured during the 3-year calibration period when all four watersheds were sagebrush. Water use was similar in the top 1 foot of soil but slightly more water was used by the grass in the 1- to 2-foot zone and more water being used by the sagebrush below 2 feet. Soil-water potential data indicated that only the big sagebrush used a small amount of water from the fractured shale at depths below 40 inches. Sagebrush used more water in August and September than the grass.     

Development of a novel myconanomining approach for the recovery of agriculturally important elements from jarosite waste

In this study, an ecofriendly and economically viable waste management approach have been attempted towards the biosynthesis of agriculturally important nanoparticles from jarosite waste. Aspergillus terreus strain J4 isolated from jarosite(waste from Debari Zinc Smelter,Udaipur, India), showed good leaching efficiency along with nanoparticles(NPs) formation under ambient conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) confirmed the formation of NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX analysis) showed strong signals for zinc, iron, calcium and magnesium,with these materials being leached out. TEM analysis and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) showed semi-quasi spherical particles having average size of 10‐50 nm. Thus, a novel biomethodology was developed using fungal cell-free extract for bioleaching and subsequently nanoconversion of the waste materials into nanostructured form. These biosynthesized nanoparticles were tested for their efficacy on seed emergence activity of wheat(Triticum aestivum) seeds and showed enhanced growth at concentration of 20 ppm. These nanomaterials are expected to enhance plant growth properties and being targeted as additives in soil fertility and crop productivity enhancement.     

北京、石家庄2017—2018年PM2.5与SNA组分特征及典型重污染分析

基于北京、石家庄2017、2018年的1月和7月PM_2.5样品采集,研究两地采暖期、非采暖期及典型重污染过程的PM_2.5、SNA污染特征及二次转化特征.应用TrajStat模型,结合浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,分析两地PM_2.5气流输送路径以及潜在源区.利用WRF-CAMx模式定量分析两地重污染月份（2017年1月）PM_2.5、硫酸盐及硝酸盐的区域传输贡献.结果表明, 2017年1月北京和石家庄均存在重污染过程,两年1月石家庄市PM_2.5浓度均高于北京; SNA占PM_2.5所有组分的34.11%~51.68%,对PM_2.5浓度有重要贡献,其中北京NO₃^-浓度最高,石家庄SO₄^2-浓度最高, SO₄^2-/NO₃^-夏季高于冬季;北京SOR高于石家庄,石家庄NOR高于北京,重污染期间两城市硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐质量浓度、SOR与NOR明显升高;两地冬季气流主要受俄罗斯、蒙古、内蒙戈壁等地区的西北方向远距离输送影响,另外北京两年冬季均存在西南传输通道,石家庄重污染期间受冀南和鲁西北重工业城市群潜在贡献较高,两市夏季受东南季风影响,污染轨迹多来自渤海湾和山东等地区; 2017年1月,北京、石家庄PM_2.5受周边区域传输贡献分别为33.80%、22.54%,其中河北南部分别贡献14.86%, 17.21%,二次离子中NO₃^-的传输作用比SO₄^2-更加突出.从PM_2.5本地源来看,北京主要来源为移动源和扬尘源,分别占比43.30%、20.10%,石家庄为工业、燃煤和扬尘,分别占比26.40%、24.82%、22.50%.     

A型和Y型分子筛在两段式热解过程中对WPCB热解油轻质化的影响

在500℃下,利用3种分子筛(4A、5A和Al_2O_3分子筛)对废弃印刷线路板(WPCBs)非金属粉末进行共催化热解试验.通过对热解三相产物产率的计算、热解油馏程分布、成分和碳数分布分析,研究不同分子筛对WPCBs热解过程中热解油轻质化效果的影响.结果表明,5A分子筛对WPCBs热解油轻质化效果最好,其中轻组分或汽油组分(馏出温度在0~200℃)含量最高,达到45%,而柴油组分(馏出温度在200~350℃)含量也达到了45%,成分主要以苯酚、异丙基苯酚和双酚A为主,选择性较好,热解油的碳数分布与汽油碳数分布相近,且热解油的含溴有机物(如2-溴苯酚)有一定的去除效果.Al_2O_3对热解油轻质化和脱溴的效果比5A分子筛稍差.而4A分子筛对热解油的轻质化效果和脱溴效果都较弱.综上所述,5A分子筛在热解油轻质化研究中具有良好的催化作用.     

资源型城市刚性产业结构的问题与对策--以大庆市为例

资源型城市在中国经济发展过程中起着重要作用,但近年来随着资源的过度开发,资源型城市的发展面临着一系列问题.以大庆市为例,通过对大庆问题的分析,得出影响大庆发展的根本性问题是刚性产业结构,阐述了其带来的诸如经济发展缓慢、失业、政府能力低下等严重影响.在大庆自身优势的基础上,围绕解决刚性结构提出了发展措施.