高氨氮浓度下的亚硝化过程及其影响因素研究

利用小试 CSTR反应器对高氨氮浓度条件下的亚硝化过程进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 :35℃时 ,在无污泥回流的情况下 ,运行 2 6 d后即实现了亚硝化 ,从第 73d开始出水中检测不出 NO3- ;在增加了连续污泥回流的情况下 ,反应器的运行更稳定 ,且出水中仍检测不到 NO3- ;反应器内的污泥具有很高的氨氧化活性 ,其最大氨氧化速率可达 3.0 1 kg N H+ 4- N / ( kg VSS· d) ;并利用间歇试验对 p H和 DO等对氨氧化速率的影响进行了研究     

Fenton试剂在染料废水处理中的应用

介绍了Fenton试剂及类Fenton试剂的氧化机理 ,并结合自己所做的实验阐述了Fenton试剂在染料废水处理中的应用。本实验以甲基橙溶液模拟偶氮类染料废水 ,用Fenton法进行处理 ,探讨了H2 O2 和FeSO4·7H2 O的用量、溶液的pH值、溶液的初始浓度、反应时间等对甲基橙剩余率的影响 ,并探讨了甲基橙的降解反应动力学方程。     

Modified ADM1 for modeling free ammonia inhibition in anaerobic acidogenic fermentation with high-solid sludge

Anaerobic acidogenic fermentation with high-solid sludge is a promising method for volatile fatty acid (VFA) production to realize resource recovery. In this study, to model inhibition by free ammonia in high-solid sludge fermentation, the anaerobic digestion model No. 1 (ADM1) was modified to simulate the VFA generation in batch, semi-continuous and full scale sludge. The ADM1 was operated on the platform AQUASIM 2.0. Three kinds of inhibition forms, e.g., simple inhibition, Monod and non-inhibition forms, were integrated into the ADM1 and tested with the real experimental data for batch and semi-continuous fermentation, respectively. The improved particle swarm optimization technique was used for kinetic parameter estimation using the software MATLAB 7.0. In the modified ADM1, the K_s of acetate is 0.025, the k_m,ac is 12.51, and the K_{I_NH3} is 0.02, respectively. The results showed that the simple inhibition model could simulate the VFA generation accurately while the Monod model was the better inhibition kinetics form in semi-continuous fermentation at pH 10.0. Finally, the modified ADM1 could successfully describe the VFA generation and ammonia accumulation in a 30 m³ full-scale sludge fermentation reactor, indicating that the developed model can be applicable in high-solid sludge anaerobic fermentation.     

Carbaryl, 2,4-D,and Triclopyr Adsorption in Thatch-Soil Ecosystems

Thatch development in intensively managed turf sites may cause environmental concerns for greater sorption or leaching of applied chemicals in terrestrial ecosystems. To determine the adsorption potential of Carbaryl (1-Napthyl N-methylcarbamate), 2,4-D (2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid), and Triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) in turf ecosystems, composite thatch and underlying soil samples from three- and six-year-old stands of cool-season Southshore creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and warm-season Meyer zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) were collected. The samples were processed and analyzed for total organic carbon (C_Org); extractable (C_Ext), humic (C_HA) and fulvic acid (C_FA); anthrone reactive nonhumic carbon (ARC) fractions; and C_HA and C_FA associated iron (Fe) contents. Pesticide adsorption capacity (K _f ) and intensity (1/n), organic carbon partition coefficient (K _OC ) and Gibbs free energy change (Δ G) were calculated for thatch materials and the underlying soils using a modified batch/flow technique. Both bentgrass (BT) and zoysiagrass thatch (ZT) contained a greater concentration of C_Ext, C_FA, C_HA, and ARC than the respective soils (BS and ZS). The C_Ext, C_FA, C_HA, and ARC concentration was higher in BT compared with ZT. The BT contained a greater concentration of bound Fe in both C_FA and C_HA fractions than in BS, whereas ZT had more bound Fe in C_HA fraction than in ZS. On average, the BT had a greater concentration of bound Fe in C_Ext, C_FA, and C_HA fractions than in the ZT. Among the pesticides, Carbaryl had higher K _f and 1/n values than 2,4-D and Triclopyr for both thatch and soil. Although the K _OC and Δ G values of Carbaryl were higher in both BT and ZT than in the underlying soils, the K _OC and Δ G values of 2,4-D were significantly higher in BS and ZS than in the overlying thatch materials. The 2,4-D and Triclopyr had higher leaching indices (LI) than Carbaryl for both BT and ZT materials than the respective soils. The Carbaryl, however, had a higher LI for soils than for thatch materials. Averaged across thatch materials and soils, C_Org accounted for 96, 85, and 84% variations in Carbaryl, 2,4-D, and Triclopyr adsorption, respectively. Among the C_Org fractions, lignin followed by C_FA and C_HA accounted for greater adsorption of pesticides, especially Carbaryl. The concentration of C_HA and C_FA bound Fe did not correlate with K _f and 1/n values of pesticides.     

植物体游离脯氨酸对SO_2＋NO_2复合物的反应

以大豆、蕃茄、青菜为试验植物，应用开顶式熏气装置，研究了ＳＯ２＋ＮＯ２复合熏气对３种植物游离脯氨酸的影响及其与伤害程度的关系。结果表明，受ＳＯ２＋ＮＯ２熏气的３种植物体内脯氨酸部有增加。其变比规律因植物种类和处理方式而异；脯氨酸的增加率与叶伤害率呈正相关关系。文章初步认为植物体游离脯氨酸可以作为指示污染物的一项生化指标。     

浅谈环境行政自由裁量权

准确运用环境行政自由裁量权是各级环境保护行政主管部门依法行政的一个重要方面。通过阐述环境行政自由裁量权的概念、合理性的界定，提出环境保护行政主管部门应从坚持立法目的、正当考虑、保持连续性等方面规范自由裁量权的行政行为。     

中国自贸区谈判环境与贸易问题分析

许多国家正将主要经贸政策重点转向自贸区,环境与贸易成为自贸区谈判的重要内容。我国应该抓住自贸区环境服务贸易谈判的重要机遇,加快中国经济又好又快发展及环境服务业战略转型。当前需要:加强自贸区谈判对环境及可持续发展的影响研究,解决战略转型的可持续性问题;加强不同环境服务分类影响研究,解决战略转型的对象问题;实施国内环境服务企业的走出去战略,解决战略转型的途径问题;加快环境服务业发展和战略转型的法规和政策体系建设,制定针对国内环境服务企业的扶持战略,解决战略转型的保障问题。     

土壤中铁氧化物对铅吸附-解吸的影响

选择上海地区广泛分布的水稻土,通过静态吸附平衡试验,比较土壤去除非晶质氧化铁和去除游离氧化铁后对Pb2+的吸附-解吸行为,采用数学模型拟合,探讨3种土壤的最佳拟合方程、最大吸附的理论值和亲和能力,进而研究非晶质氧化铁和游离氧化铁对Pb2+吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,去除氧化铁后吸附能力和亲和能力均减弱,原土的最大吸附量为29.21 g/kg,非晶质氧化铁的贡献值为3.52 g/kg,游离氧化铁的贡献值为8.32 g/kg。     

A balancing act: Optimizing free chlorine contact time to minimize iodo-DBPs, NDMA, and regulated DBPs in chloraminated drinking water

Many drinking water treatment plants in the U.S. have switched from chlorination to chloramination to lower levels of regulated trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water and meet the current regulations. However, chloramination can also produce other highly toxic/carcinogenic, unregulated DBPs: iodo-acids, iodo-THMs, and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In practice, chloramines are generated by the addition of chlorine with ammonia, and plants use varying amounts of free chlorine contact time prior to ammonia addition to effectively kill pathogens and meet DBP regulations. However, iodo-DBPs and nitrosamines are generally not considered in this balancing of free chlorine contact time. The goal of our work was to determine whether an optimal free chlorine contact time could be established in which iodo-DBPs and NDMA could be minimized, while keeping regulated THMs and HAAs below their regulatory limits. The effect of free chlorine contact time was evaluated for the formation of six iodo-trihalomethanes (iodo-THMs), six iodo-acids, and NDMA during the chloramination of drinking water. Ten different free chlorine contact times were examined for two source waters with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bromide/iodide. For the low DOC water at pH 7 and 8, an optimized free chlorine contact time of up to 1 h could control regulated THMs and HAAs, as well as iodo-DBPs and NDMA. For the high DOC water, a free chlorine contact time of 5 min could control iodo-DBPs and NDMA at both pHs, but the regulated DBPs could exceed the regulations at pH 7.     

羟基自由基氧化法在饮用水后处理中的应用

该文分析了饮用水消毒的现状，提出保持氯消毒不变，用羟基自由基氧化法对饮用水进行后处理，去除氯消毒产生的卤代烃，以提高饮用水的质量。