还原法处理电镀废水后铬反弹成因分析与对策

从化学热力学和电化学理论出发，结合目前普遍采用的还原——固体分离法处理含铬废水工艺，对固液分离后的上清液和沉降污泥Cr^6 含量以及Cr^3 ～Cr^6 之间的形态转化相关性进行研究和分析，进而提醒人们要特别注意控制含铬污水中铬反弹及全过程处理的完整性。     

水中余氯现场快速测定方法研究

通过研制一种测试管，从而能简便，快速地测定水中的余氯。该测试管尤其适宜于现场监测。具有快速、简便、抗干扰能力强和价格低廉等特点。     

The origin of speciation: trace metal kinetics over natural water/sediment interfaces and the consequences for bioaccumulation

The speciation of heavy metals was measured over a variety of natural and undisturbed water/sediment interfaces. Simultaneously, two benthic species (oligochaete Limnodrilus spp. and the midge Chironomus riparius) were exposed to these sediments. Under occurring redox conditions, free ion activities of trace metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured with a chelating exchange technique, while geochemical conditions (i.e., redox) remained in tact. Free ion activities were compared with total dissolved concentrations in pore waters and surface waters in order to relate speciation to bioaccumulation. Limnodrilus spp. and C. riparius have accumulation patterns that could be linked to time-dependent exposure concentrations, expressed as chemical speciation, in the surface water and the sediment's pore water. Concentrations of free metal ions in the overlying surface water, rather than in sediment pore water, proved to be the best predictor for uptake. For the first time, measurements are obtained from sediments without disturbing physical-chemical conditions and thus bioavailability, a major restriction of other studies so far.     

Observation and origin of organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the free troposphere over central Europe

On Zugspitze (2670 m a.s.l.), Alps, higher concentrations were observed during a winter than during a summer measurement campaign of PAHs, chlorobenzenes (43.6 vs. 2.0 pg m⁻³) and DDTs (3.7 vs. 1.2 pg m⁻³), while hexachlorocyclohexanes and PCBs were found at similar levels. The PCB, HCH and DDT levels are among the lowest ever reported from outside the Arctic. Mostly lower levels were found in samples collected in summer than in winter despite a significant boundary layer air influence, but no such influence on samples collected during the winter campaign. Boundary layer influence was quantified by Lagrangian particle dispersion model retroplume analyses. Photochemical lifetimes corresponding to k_OH < 1.5 × 10⁻¹² cm³ molec⁻¹ s⁻¹ are found for p,p′-DDT, k_OH < 0.75 × 10⁻¹² cm³ molec⁻¹ s⁻¹ for p,p′-DDE and k_OH < 1.0 × 10⁻¹² cm³ molec⁻¹ s⁻¹ for p,p′-DDD.     

The spectroscopic studies of humic acid extracted from sediment collected at different seasons

Gocza?kowice Reservoir is the biggest water reservoir in the south of Poland. For our studies bottom sediments were collected from eight different places of the reservoir at various seasons of the year.EPR spectroscopy was applied to analyse both quantitatively and qualitatively the humic acids (HA) present in the samples. EPR spectra of the extracted HA exhibited broad lines from the paramagnetic metal ions and narrow lines from free radicals. The values of the free radical concentration obtained for HA amounted to 1.14-13.6 × 1016 spin g⁻¹ depending on the season and the place of sample collection. The values of the g factor obtained for HA were of the range 2.0027-2.0035.The EPR studies show that HA extracted from bottom sediment collected at various points of the Gocza?kowice Reservoir exhibit similar physical-chemical properties. It was also observed that the depth of the reservoir affects the content of the oxygen functional groups as well as the free radical concentration in HA.The identification of the functional groups was done by means of IR. UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to estimate the maturity of the HA.     

Dynamic simulation and performance prediction of free displacer Stirling engines

ABSTRACT

In this study, a Stirling engine with a free-displacer and a kinematically controlled power piston was proposed and analyzed from thermodynamic and dynamic points of view. The analysis intended to reveal the dynamic behaviors of moving components of the engine as well as predicting global thermal performance of it. A dynamic-thermodynamic mathematical model of the engine involving the isothermal gas pressure equation and motion equations of the displacer, power piston and crankshaft was developed. For the solution of the dynamic-thermodynamic model equations, and simulation of the engine’s running, a computer program was prepared in FORTRAN language. By considering a hot-end temperature of 1,000 K and a cold-end temperature of 350 K, dimensions of mechanic, volumetric and thermal components of the engine were quantified interactively. Variations of engine speed, engine power, displacer stroke, and engine torque were examined with respect to the spring constant, displacer mass, displacer damping constant and external load and, results were graphically presented. In comparison with engines having free-piston and kinematically driven displacer, the thermodynamic performance of the free-displacer engine was found to be lower. The engine was found to be able to work at constant speed and power. The values of the displacer mass and spring constant were optimized as 1,500 g and 1,30,000 N/s, respectively and the global speed of the engine was determined to be 47.75 Hz for these values. The effective and the indicated work of the engine were determined to be 113 and 126 J, respectively.     

A New Framework for the Assessment of Animal Welfare: Integrating Existing Knowledge from a Practical Ethics Perspective

When making an assessment of animal welfare, it is important to take environmental (housing) or animal-based parameters into account. An alternative approach is to focus on the behavior and appearance of the animal, without making actual measurements or quantifying this. None of these tell the whole story. In this paper, we suggest that it is possible to find common ground between these (seemingly) diametrically opposed positions and argue that this may be the way to deal with the complexity of animal welfare. The model will have to be acceptable for the different parties that will be affected by it and real benefits for the animal should result from it. This will be the basis of a practical ethical approach. All this can be condensed into a model that essentially is made up out of three basic elements: the classical welfare analysis with an existing welfare assessment tool, an assessment of the stockholder, and an implementation of the Free Choice Profiling technique. This new framework does not pretend to be a different or better animal welfare matrix; it is intended to integrate existing knowledge and to provide a practical tool to improve animal welfare. It identifies whether there are welfare problems on a farm, if present whether these problems are caused by the housing system or the stockholder, and what can be done to improve the situation.     

中国-东盟自由贸易区粮食生产与贸易的时空格局演变

东南亚既是中国-东盟自由贸易区的重要组成部分,也是21世纪海上丝绸之路的前沿阵地和重要枢纽。20世纪90年代特别是中国-东盟自由贸易区（简称“自贸区”）成立以来,中国与东盟及其成员国的经贸联系日益加强。研究全球最大粮食消费国、进口国以及世界稻米最重要主产区和出口区之间的粮食生产和贸易发展态势,对中国实施“走出去”和“引进来”战略、建设21世纪海上丝绸之路以及改善地缘安全环境具有重要现实意义。论文基于FAO数据库中国-东盟各成员国1961-2013年粮食生产与贸易数据,利用集中化指数与回归分析法,定量揭示中国-东盟粮食生产与贸易的时空格局及演变特征。研究表明：1）从粮食生产来看,50多年来自贸区粮食总产增长4.06倍,至2013年底总产达到8.09×10⁸ t;就粮食贸易而言,1961-2013年自贸区贸易量增长3.19倍,其中粮食进口量年均增长率为2.95%,粮食出口量增长2.40倍,粮食进口总体大于粮食出口,受中国粮食进出口战略调整的影响,自贸区各个子区粮食贸易日趋均匀化。2）从空间格局来看,自贸区主要粮食生产国集中在中国、印度尼西亚、泰国和越南,其中中国的玉米、水稻比重占明显优势;中国的粮食贸易逆差进一步扩大,其贸易重心开始转向东南亚。3）自贸区的粮食生产与粮食进出口量关系密切,具有显著相关性,但国别差异明显。其中,中国粮食出口量受国内粮食生产与需求影响较大,是自贸区粮食贸易变动的晴雨表。     

PCB and PCT levels in cultivated and free‐living mussels of galicia (North west Spain)

PCB and PCT residues were measured in free‐living (FM) and cultivated mussels (CM) from ten sites in Galicia by gas chromatography with electron capture detector and capillary column. The level of PCB₁₂₆₀ and PCT₅₄₆₀ in FMs increases going from Muros‐Noya to Vigo estuarine bay. There was a trend of increase from north to south.     

Parameterization of the roughness length over the sea in forced and free convection

In the condition of free convection, the Charnock relation is inadequate. In this paper we extend the Charnock relation to include the effect of free convection on the roughness length. As a result, the singularity in the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory can be avoided. This paper shows two approaches to derive the roughness length formula in the forced and free convections. The first approach is based on the mixing length theory and the use of the observational data of the vertical velocity variance. We introduce a new vertical velocity scale based on the vertical velocity variance; this velocity variance is well behaved in the atmospheric boundary layer and easy to obtain from field experiments. The second approach is based on the theoretical framework of Sykes et al. (Q R Met Soc, 119: 409–421). From that framework, we develop a theory to obtain the roughness length formula. The results of these two approaches are in agreement with each other. In the past, a multiplication factor associated with free convection was considered to be a constant. This paper shows that this multiplication factor is, in fact, also dependent on the depth of the mixing height. In previous studies, experimental works were often conducted without taking into account the depth of the mixing height. Not taking into account the mixing height in the estimation of the roughness length in free convection would result in an inaccurate estimate of the roughness length and hence the drag coefficient. An erratum to this article can be found at