1960—2019年秦岭气候带界限的变化研究

受全球变化的影响,温度带边界在空间上的变化呈现出向高纬度方向显著移动的趋势,其中亚热带区空间分布对全球变暖的响应较为敏感,对其边界空间变化特征的研究对于认识全球变化对自然景观的潜在影响具有重要科学意义。基于秦岭及其周边74个气象站点1960—2019年日均气温数据,选取保证率80%的日均温≥10 ℃持续日220天等值线和1月0 ℃等温线为北亚热带北界指标,探讨了近60年气候变暖背景下秦岭气候带界限的变化趋势。研究表明：（1）1960—2019年秦岭日均温≥10 ℃持续日呈显著上升趋势,其变化率为3.268 d/10 a;秦岭1月平均气温呈弱显著上升趋势,其变化率为0.179 ℃/10 a。（2）60年来秦岭北亚热带北界发生了明显的抬升,平均抬升高度约为228.89 m;从经度上看,中段106°~111°E范围内北亚热带北界的变化最为强烈,60年来上升高度达308.81 m,明显高于东西北三段（东段上升165.69 m,西段上升243.33 m,北段上升267.01 m）。（3）60年来秦岭北亚热带过渡带出现了明显的攀升,且向北移动;秦岭以北“跨越式”地出现北亚热带气候格局。气温突变后,秦岭北亚热带过渡带形成从秦岭南坡延伸到秦岭东部,并向北推进向西进入关中平原的格局,秦岭南坡作为北亚热带和暖温带的分界作用有所减弱。随着气候的变暖,秦岭北亚热带过渡带可能部分或整体转变为北亚热带,北亚热带将从秦岭南坡到秦岭北坡呈连续带状分布,北亚热带北界可能会跨越秦岭山脉。     

Application of cupuassu shell as biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution

The cupuassu shell (Theobroma grandiflorum) which is a food residue was used in its natural form as biosorbent for the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 194 and C.I. Direct Blue 53 dyes from aqueous solutions. This biosorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The effects of pH, biosorbent dosage and shaking time on biosorption capacities were studied. In acidic pH region (pH 2.0) the biosorption of the dyes were favorable. The contact time required to obtain the equilibrium was 8 and 18 h at 298 K, for Reactive Red 194 and Direct Blue 53, respectively. The Avrami fractionary-order kinetic model provided the best fit to experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and chemisorption kinetic adsorption models. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Radke-Prausnitz isotherm models. For both dyes the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model.     

稻壳活性炭对水中染料的吸附特性及其回收利用

以稻壳为原料,采用复合活化剂制备稻壳活性炭.通过氮气吸附等温线,傅里叶红外光谱,X射线光电子能谱仪,零电荷点等手段,分析了所制备的稻壳活性炭的孔结构和表面性质.研究了稻壳活性炭对甲基橙的吸附特性,同时对吸附饱和的稻壳活性炭进行热再生以及由高温灼烧法制备二氧化硅进行了初步探索.结果表明:稻壳活性炭对甲基橙的去除率随着吸附剂用量增加而提高;随着pH值的升高去除率下降;吸附剂可以应用于高盐度条件下的吸附;随着溶液初始溶液增加去除率下降;符合Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附过程主要由化学吸附控制;吸附饱和的稻壳活性炭经过一次再生可以得到性能较好的活性炭;对吸附饱和的稻壳活性炭,在800℃条件下可以制得纳米级且具有一定晶型的二氧化硅.     

TiO2@酵母菌复合催化剂对刚果红的吸附特性研究

研究了TiO2@酵母复合型催化剂对阴离子染料刚果红的吸附性能,考察了pH、催化剂投加量、刚果红初始浓度、温度等因素对吸附效率的影响,并对吸附过程进行了动力学、等温模型和热力学分析.结果表明pH对吸附效率影响较大,最佳pH值为3;当刚果红浓度在10~50mg·L-1时,吸附量随着浓度的增加而增加;催化剂投加量为0.5 g·L-1,吸附效率较高;温度对吸附过程影响较小.TiO2@酵母复合催化剂吸附刚果红的过程符合准二级动力学模型;化学吸附为主要控制步骤;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,为单分子层吸附;ΔG为负值且ΔH为正值表明吸附是自发吸热过程.     

铀在凹凸棒石上的吸附特性与机制研究

采用静态实验方法研究了凹凸棒石对水溶液中铀的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、初始浓度、吸附时间对吸附的影响,用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征凹凸棒石的形貌和结构,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)表征凹凸棒石吸附铀前后结构的变化,探讨了凹凸棒石对铀的吸附动力学及吸附机制.结果表明,pH值对凹凸棒石吸附铀的影响显著,且在pH=5时吸附量最大.吸附量随着时间增大而增大,在2 h内可以达到平衡,吸附等温线方程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,吸附过程为准二级动力学模型.由FTIR分析可得,凹凸棒石吸附铀后,在高频区3 700～3 000 cm-1内吸光度减弱,可能是由于铀与凹凸棒石的R—OH发生配位作用形成了R—OUO2+或(R—O)2UO2等络合物;在中频区1 700～800 cm-1内吸光度减弱,可能是铀离子和镁离子产生离子交换作用.铀在凹凸棒石上的吸附机制主要表现为离子交换和配位作用.     

粉煤灰处理Cr~(6+)废水的试验研究

利用电厂粉煤灰进行了处理含铬(VI)废水试验,探讨了粉煤灰投加量、pH值、接触时间、温度和含铬浓度等因素对除铬效果的影响。结果表明,在废水pH=10左右、Cr6+浓度<100mg/L,粉煤灰的用量140g/L时,在常温下吸附处理2h,对铬的去除率可达到72%以上。粉煤灰吸附处理含铬废水符合Freundlich等温式,以物理吸附为主。对于低浓度含铬(VI)的废水,处理后可达标排放。     

一硫代砷酸盐在介质上的吸附特征及机制

在实验室条件下合成纯度 99%的MTA,开展不同pH和固液比条件下MTA在细砂、土壤沉积物和针铁矿这3种介质上的吸附实验,分析其吸附特征和作用机制.结果发现:①MTA质量浓度分别在0. 14～23. 59、0. 19～41. 27和0. 27～32. 02mg·L~(-1)范围时,其在细砂、土壤沉积物和针铁矿的最大平衡吸附量(Q_m)分别为21. 54、277. 98和2 607. 42 mg·kg~(-1).值得注意的是,当MTA在3种介质上达到吸附平衡后,溶液中部分MTA开始转化形成亚砷酸盐和砷酸盐.②随着pH的增加(4～10),MTA在细砂上的平衡吸附量(Q_e)逐渐减少,在土壤沉积物和针铁矿上的Q_e先减少后增加;随着固液比的增加,MTA在3种介质上的Q_e均呈现出逐渐减小趋势.③XRD、SEM和BET测试结果揭示出3种介质吸附MTA的主要控制因素不同,分别是细砂的低孔容特征、土壤沉积物的高结晶程度以及针铁矿上大量的羟基官能团(—OH).     

Fluorescence-based evidence for adsorptive binding of pyrene to effluent dissolved organic matter

Using fluorescence intensity measurements, pyrene interactions with different types of effluent dissolved organic matter (EDOM) originated from treated municipal wastewater are examined. Multiple observations show that fluorescence intensity of pyrene–EDOM solutions is non-linearly related to pyrene concentration, with distinct concave-up dependence. Testing the effect of pyrene concentration on fluorescence intensity of pyrene–EDOM solutions provides a tool to examine whether binding of an organic compound to EDOM follows linear or non-linear isotherm. Possible coupling between static and dynamic quenching effects was addressed while analyzing fluorescence data. Limited number of EDOM binding sites results in a non-linear binding isotherm such that the concept of pyrene “partitioning” between aqueous phase and “bulky” EDOM organic phase is hardly relevant. Maximal EDOM capacity for pyrene binding is estimated approximately as 0.1% w w⁻¹. Examination of the differences between the total fluorescence intensity of pyrene–EDOM solution and the fluorescence intensities of separated constituents (pyrene and EDOM) was used to illustrate the accumulation of pyrene–EDOM complexes and saturation of some EDOM binding sites. Strong interactions between pyrene and EDOM binding sites may result in pyrene distribution coefficients differing at least by a factor 3.5–7 at varying pyrene concentrations.