电镀废水中低浓度镍和锌离子的高效富集研究

电镀废水中低浓度重金属离子的处理普遍采用混凝沉淀法,由此产生了大量重金属污泥,其安全处置过程复杂且成本较高.基于此,本文研究了一种资源化回收电镀废水中低浓度镍离子(Ni~(2+))和锌离子(Zn~(2+))的方法.结果表明,电镀废水经过铁盐混凝后,产生的沉淀溶解于硝酸中,得到硝酸溶解液中Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度分别高达2.3 g·L~(-1)和1.5 g·L~(-1),而杂质铁(Fe~(3+))浓度为12.2 g·L~(-1).将硝酸溶解液直接进行水热处理,溶液中Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度不变,残留铁浓度为1.76 g·L~(-1).向硝酸溶解液中添加乙酰丙酸(C_5H_8O_3)后进行水热处理,Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度依然不变,但溶液中残留铁浓度仅为0.78 mg·L~(-1).硝酸溶解液中铁的去除主要源于水热条件下铁的水解和缩聚转化为高结晶度的赤铁矿.添加乙酰丙酸能够同时降低溶液中NO~-_3浓度和提升pH值,促进溶液中铁的水解和缩聚.     

京杭大运河江南城镇段表层沉积物重金属富集水平及潜在生态风险评价

以京杭大运河9个江南城镇段表层沉积物为研究对象,研究具城镇源特征的重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr）在表层沉积物中的富集水平及其潜在生态风险.结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在大运河城镇段表层沉积物中显著富集,分别为所属长江沉积物相应背景值的1.2—6.4、1.8—5.8、2.6—18.7和7.1—22.7倍,Cr...     

臭氧消毒中水前后挥发性有机物的GC/MS分析研究

文章研究在不同消毒时间下,臭氧消毒中水前后挥发性有机物的变化。得出:消毒时间30 s和60 s后GC/MS检测有机物的种类较10 s时有明显增多,种类由10 s时的65种增到30 s时的98种,再增到60 s时的101种,最后到3 min时的135种。臭氧消毒法的快速、高效无二次污染、适用范围广。     

Measures of health,fitness, and functional movement among firefighter recruits

Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between various health and fitness measures and Functional Movement Screen? (FMS?) scores among 78 firefighter recruits. Methods. Relationships between FMS? scores and age, body mass index (BMI), sit and reach (S&R) distance, estimated maximal aerobic capacity (V˙_O2max), estimated one-repetition maximum squat (1RM-Squat_max), and plank endurance (%Plank_max) were examined. Results. Total FMS? scores were significantly correlated with BMI (r?=??0.231, p?=?0.042), estimated 1RM-Squat_max (r?=?0.302, p?=?0.007), and %Plank_max (r?=?0.320, p?=?0.004). Multiple regression analyses indicated that this combination of predictors significantly predicted (F(3, 74)?=?5.043, p?=?0.003) Total FMS? score outcomes and accounted for 17% of the total variance (R²?=?0.170). In addition, logistic regression analyses indicated that estimated 1RM-Squat_max also significantly predicted (χ²?=?6.662, df?=?1, p?=?0.010) FMS? group membership (≤14 or ≥15). Conclusion. These results suggest that the health and fitness measures of obesity (BMI), bilateral lower extremity strength (estimated 1RM-Squat_max), and core muscular endurance (%Plank_max) are significantly associated with functional movement patterns among firefighter recruits. Consequently, injury prevention programs implemented among firefighter recruits should target these aspects of health and fitness.     

Sediment organic matter and meiofauna community response to long-term fish-farm impact in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Quantitative and qualitative changes in meiofauna community structure were investigated to assess the impact of a fish farm, which was operating continuously for 15 years (La Spezia Gulf, W Mediterranean). Sediment samples were collected in June, July, September, October 2000 and February 2001 for the analysis of phytopigments (chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments), the biochemical composition of organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and related to meiofaunal parameters.

Sediment organic matter reached extremely high concentrations beneath the fish cages when compared to the control. Particularly lipids, carbohydrates and chlorophyll-a were significantly higher in fish-farm sediments. On a long-term basis meiofauna displayed adaptations in sediments beneath the cages resulting in an increase of density. Organic impact on meiofaunal community structure was evident in terms of an increase of the nematodes to copepods (Ne/Co) and nauplius to copepods (Na/Co) ratios in fish farm sediments. Cumaceans and kinorhynchs were encountered in control sediments, but disappeared in fish-farm samples. These data suggest that meiofauna is a sensitive tool for evaluating the effects of organic enrichment in fish farm impacted areas.     

化工生化尾水中溶解性有机污染物的富集分离

采用液液萃取法和树脂吸附法对化工园区的生化尾水中溶解性有机污染物进行富集、分离,通过气相色谱-质谱分析表明化工生化尾水中普遍含有四氯乙烯、苯类和烷烃类有机毒物,而不同来源的化工生化尾水中疏水性、亲水性和中性有机质的含量相差较大,分子量分布也不相同,液相色谱-质谱分析表明树脂富集分离后,氨基酸、邻苯二甲酸酯和糖类物质成为尾水中主要有机物。     

黄河水作循环水补充水在发电厂的应用

根据黄河水水质情况,具体讨论黄河水作为循环水补充水在实际应用中的一些问题,结合自己的现场经验,在循环水处理上阐述自己的观点,提出一些行之有效的措施,提高循环水的浓缩倍数,以达到经济、合理节水、保护环境的目的。     

新疆博斯腾湖重金属污染的沉积记录

通过测定柱芯沉积物中重金属含量,分析了新疆博斯腾湖重金属污染水平、来源及其变化趋势。结果表明,博斯腾湖西岸Pb、Zn和Cu的地质积累指数均小于0.5,污染较轻,主要来源于自然源。西南小湖区重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Co污染较轻,主要来源于岩石风化等地球化学过程;重金属Pb和Cd污染中等,主要来源于农业活动中磷酸盐肥料的使用,1960 s以来增加显著,近年来呈明显的上升趋势。     

开放式空气CO2增高条件下稻田磷化氢气体的释放研究

磷化氢(PH3)已被证实是大气中普遍存在的痕量气体.采用FACE(free air carbon dioxide enrichment)平台,研究了不同氮施肥水平(常氮250 kg/hm2和低氮125 kg/hm2)下,CO2浓度升高对水稻田磷化氢释放通量的影响.结果表明,水稻生长旺盛期(分蘖,拔节)磷化氢通量和浓度高于生长缓慢期,FACE圈常氮区分蘖期磷化氢释放通量最大,为(155.2±22.71)ng/(m2.h).整个水稻生长期磷化氢平均释放通量最大值在FACE圈常氮区观察到,为(41.72±7.06)ng/(m2.h),最小值(-1.485±6.229)ng/(m2.h)出现在对照圈低氮区.FACE处理显著促进磷化氢的排放,不同氮素水平对磷化氢释放影响差异不显著.磷化氢的净通量和浓度与温度均呈显著正相关.对水稻成熟期全天释放通量及浓度测试表明,光照是影响白天磷化氢浓度的主要因素.     

Positive long-term effect of mulching on species and functional trait diversity in a nutrient-poor mountain meadow in Central Europe

Oligotrophic mountain meadows are threatened biodiversity hotspots throughout Europe. The traditional summer hay-making followed by autumn grazing is no longer economic and question is whether alternative managements can maintain both plant species and functional diversity typical of these habitats. In the Bohemian Forest Mts., we applied three treatments (mowing once a year - i.e., cutting and removing the biomass, mulching once a year - cutting and leaving the crushed biomass to decompose in situ, fallowing - no cutting) in order to assess temporal changes in meadow vegetation, plant trait composition and biomass production in a 13-year experiment. We recorded for each species twenty-five traits as to be most informative of plant strategies related to growth, resource acquisition and carbon-water economy. We compared different components of trait composition (community averages that mostly reflect traits of dominant species vs. the Rao index of functional diversity that reflects trait dissimilarity among species) and their impact on biomass production. We show that mulching promotes species and functional diversity by facilitating heliophilous forbs and legumes with more acquisitive strategies in resource use and release, e.g., higher foliar N and P content. This occurs at the expense of tall grasses (with resource-retentive strategies, e.g., high leaf dry matter content) which dominate the mown and fallow plots. The divergence in most quantitative traits indicates that niche complementarity is the dominant assembly process in mulched plots, which can prevent competitive exclusion and enable species coexistence. The divergent development was detected only after 5-6 years. This slow floristic and functional response is caused by acidity of soil and severe mountain climate that preclude rapid responses of vegetation to land-use changes. We conclude that mulching represents a good compromise maintaining both plant species and functional diversity as well as a relatively high biomass production. Mowing without grazing leads to gradual nutrient loss and thus reduces the productivity and diversity in these oligotrophic ecosystems. Fallowing causes gradual loss in diversity by increased grass competition and litter accumulation.