Relevant parameters for assessing the environmental impact of some pyridinium, ammonium and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids

Several physico-chemical properties relevant to determine the environmental impact of ionic liquids - aqueous solubility, octanol/water partition coefficient, chromatographically derived lipophilicity and infinite dilution diffusion coefficients in water - were measured in ionic liquids based on pyridinium, ammonium and pyrrolidinium cations with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions. The influence of the presence of hydroxyl or ester groups in the physico-chemical properties of these liquids was checked. It appeared that the presence of functional oxygenated moieties reduces the lipophilicity of ionic liquids and so decreases the risk of bioaccumulation in environment.     

Responses of evergreen and deciduous Quercus species to enhanced ozone levels

Plants of one evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) and three deciduous oaks (Q. faginea, with small leaves; Q. pyrenaica and Q. robur, with large leaves) were exposed both to filtered air and to enhanced ozone levels in Open-Top Chambers. Q. faginea and Q. pyrenaica were studied for the first time. Based on visible injury, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and biomass responses, Q. pyrenaica was the most sensitive species, and Q. ilex was the most tolerant, followed by Q. faginea. Functional leaf traits of the species were related to differences in sensitivity, while accumulated ozone flux via stomata (POD_1.6) partly contributed to the observed differences. For risk assessment of Mediterranean vegetation, the diversity of responses detected in this study should be taken into account, applying appropriate critical levels.     

潞城市大气PM_（10）中化学元素分布特征

利用ICP-AES分析了潞城市采暖期和非采暖期4个不同功能区PM10样品中16种化学元素,对不同元素的时空分布特征进行了研究,并采用富集因子和主成分分析初步研究了潞城市PM10中元素的主要来源。结果表明,潞城市PM10中重金属污染较为严重,且各元素在采暖期的平均浓度均明显高于非采暖期。PM10中Ca、V、Cr、As、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al和Pb的富集因子EF〉10,主要来源于人为污染;而Na、Mg、Si、Fe和K的EF〈10,除部分来自人为活动外,主要来自土壤风沙等自然来源。主成分分析结果显示,潞城市PM10中元素的主要来源按贡献率大小依次为：煤烟尘和工业粉尘50.39%,自然源34.37%和机动车尾气15.24%。     

甲基红在壳聚糖上吸附富集的研究

研究了pH、初始浓度、时间及温度对甲基红在壳聚糖上吸附富集的影响。结果表明,pH是影响甲基红吸附富集的重要因素,最佳pH3．4。其动力学行为更好地符合Lagergren准二级反应动力学模型,随着温度增加,平衡吸附量减少。吸附过程的表观活化能（Ea）为7．518kJ／mol。壳聚糖对甲基红的吸附过程较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。计算得到吸附过程的热力学参数△G0、△H0。和△S0分别为-24．88kJ／mol（303K）、-22．15kJ／mol和8．783J／（mol·K）,表明壳聚糖对甲基红的吸附是一个自发的放热过程。红外光谱分析得到,壳聚糖吸附甲基红的过程中,壳聚糖分子中存在的大量羟基和氨基发挥了主要作用。     

Complete mineralization of benzene by a methanogenic enrichment culture and effect of putative metabolites on the degradation

Microbial degradation of benzene under anaerobic conditions plays an important role in remediation of contaminated sites but the microorganisms and metabolic pathways involved remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated degradation of benzene by a methanogenic enrichment culture obtained from non-contaminated lotus field soil, alone and in the presence of several putative metabolic intermediates, that is, toluene, benzoate and phenol. Using stable isotope (¹³C) labeled substrate, benzene was shown to be degraded almost completely to equimolar concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, without detectable accumulation of extracellular metabolites. Concurrently, toluene, benzoate and phenol were also effectively mineralized, but probably by microorganisms other than the benzene degraders. The latter included Hasda-A, which is putative benzene-degrading deltaproteobacterium present in the culture. While toluene and benzoate did not affect benzene degradation, phenol had a moderate inhibitory effect although it was not a major metabolic intermediate of benzene in our culture. Finally, 4-hydroxycoumarin was detected as a compound formed from phenol but further experiments are required to elucidate its relationship to degradation of phenol.     

多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩回收废水中的二甲基亚砜

利用具有内部潜热回收功能的气隙式多效膜蒸馏(MEMD)组件对含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的化纤废水进行了浓缩回收研究,考察了料液中DMSO浓度、进料流量、进料温度和膜侧进口温度对膜通量、造水比、分离因子和回收率的影响。结果表明,多效膜蒸馏可以将DMSO废水浓缩至200~300 g/L;初始浓度为6.2 g/L时,造水比和分离因子最高值分别为12.4和76.0;虽然膜通量、造水比和分离因子均随料液浓度增大而下降,但是当DMSO浓度达到200 g/L时,膜通量、造水比、分离因子仍分别高达3.74 L/(m2·h)、7.1、32.1;在整个浓缩过程中,回收率维持在99.6%以上;当DMSO废水浓缩达到150 g/L以上时,含有少量DMSO的渗透液可作为二次料液继续用MEMD过程浓缩。膜组件在连续运行的1个月内保持了良好的操作性能。该实验研究表明,多效膜蒸馏过程可以高效节能地浓缩回收化纤废水中的DMSO。     

重庆城区不同粒径颗粒物元素组分研究及来源识别

为研究重庆市大气颗粒物的污染特征及其来源,于2010年3—10月在主城区分别采集PM_1.0、PM_2.5和PM₁₀3种粒径的颗粒物样品,利用XRF分析其中的26种元素浓度。结果表明,重庆市主城区S元素在各粒径中含量都较高,细粒子中K的含量较高,粗粒子中Si、Ca和Fe的浓度较大。富集因子分析表明,主城区Cd、S、Se等污染元素的富集系数较大,且粒径越小,富集现象越明显。利用因子分析得出土壤风沙、扬尘、燃煤的燃烧、机动车燃油产生的尾气排放、生物质燃烧排放是重庆市颗粒物污染的主要来源。     

Interval-parameter Fuzzy-stochastic Semi-infinite Mixed-integer Linear Programming for Waste Management under Uncertainty

An interval-parameter fuzzy-stochastic semi-infinite mixed-integer linear programming (IFSSIP) method is developed for waste management under uncertainties. The IFSSIP method integrates the fuzzy programming, chance-constrained programming, integer programming and interval semi-infinite programming within a general optimization framework. The model is applied to a waste management system with three disposal facilities, three municipalities, and three periods. Compared with the previous methods, IFSSIP have two major advantages. One is that it can help generate solutions for the stable ranges of the decision variables and objective function value under fuzzy satisfaction degree and different levels of probability of violating constraints, which are informative and flexible for solution users to interpret/justify. The other is that IFSSIP can not only handle uncertainties through constructing fuzzy and random parameter, but also reflect dynamic features of the system conditions through interval function of time over the planning horizon. By comparing IFSSIP with interval-parameter mixed-integer linear semi-infinite programming and parametric programming, the IFSSIP method is more reasonable than others.     

Water Quality and Metal Enrichment in Bed Sediments of the Rivers Kali and Hindon, India

Water-quality parameters and concentrations of various metals in bed sediments of the River Kali and the River Hindon in India were analysed to understand their behaviour in subtropical fluvial systems. Variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the river water and metal content in the bed sediments were recorded in four seasons of the year (post-monsoon, winter, summer and monsoon). Results show that water and sediments contain high cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn). Total and soluble Cd and Zn profiles show that in summer, metals in the water phase exist predominantly in the bound form. Cd and Zn in bed sediments increase from the post-monsoon to the summer season. During and after the monsoon season, metal concentrations in sediments fall rapidly. Correlation coefficients of metals in sediments represent their common source and identical behaviour during transport.     

Alterations in soil microbial activity and N-transformation processes due to sulfadiazine loads in pig-manure

Most veterinary drugs enter the environment via manure application. However, it is unclear how these substances interact with soil biota. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the effects of manure containing different concentrations of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) on the soil microbial communities. It was shown that manure alone has a stimulating effect on microbial activity. Only potential nitrification was negatively influenced by manure application. The addition of SDZ to the manure reduced microbial activity. Depending on the SDZ concentration, levels of activity were in the range of the control soil without manure application. Also, selected processes in nitrogen turnover were negatively influenced by the addition of SDZ to the manure, with nitrification being the only exception. The effects were visible for up to 4 days after application of the manure with or without SDZ and were correlated with the bioavailability of the antibiotic.