面向污染场地的环境修复功能材料

在回顾环境功能材料研究进展的基础上,将材料按功效分为固化/稳定化材料、氧化还原剂类材料以及催化剂类材料,重点对固化/稳定化材料进行了介绍。根据环境材料科学的发展前沿提出了污染场地环境修复功能材料的发展趋势,并总结了功能材料开发与应用中的一些问题。     

基于固相萃取及高效液相色谱-荧光检测分析的污泥中氟喹诺酮类抗生素研究方法的开发

氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)作为常见的药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)在环境中广泛存在.由于在生物体内很难被代谢,FQs会通过粪尿排泄等途径进入城市污水处理系统并最终富集到污泥中.并且,由于其在环境中的累积效应,FQs的存在极易增强致病菌的耐药性,限制了污泥的后续资源化利用.为得到适用于污泥中FQs的分析方法,进一步把握FQs在污水及污泥处理过程中的固/液分配及降解规律,研究中选择4种代表性FQs:氧氟沙星(OFL)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、环丙沙星(CIP)和洛美沙星(LOM)为研究对象,并通过所设计的正交试验,考察了固相萃取材料、萃取体系p H、洗脱剂对FQs的固相萃取效率的影响,在此基础上进一步优化了固相样品中FQs的提取方法,最终建立了细胞破碎,碱式提取(三乙胺/甲醇/水以5/25/75混合),固相萃取富集(SPE),磷酸-三乙胺溶液为缓冲盐流动相,甲醇为有机流动相,梯度荧光扫描的高效液相色谱-荧光(HPLCFLD)检测方法.液态样品中4种FQs的加标回收率采用新方法后可达到82%~103%;固态样品中4种FQs的加标回收率也可达到71%~101%.同时,为进一步确认不同运行条件对污泥吸附FQs能力的影响,针对好氧、缺氧和厌氧污泥分别进行了吸附试验研究,发现处于不同活性状态的污泥(厌氧、缺氧和好氧污泥)对FQs的吸附能力呈现出递减的趋势,但对FQs的吸附率都达到90%以上.该结论也证实了实际污水处理厂所去除的50%的FQs主要是通过污泥吸附这一途径实现的.     

反硝化聚磷菌快速富集、培养及其荧光原位杂交技术鉴别

以污水处理厂A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,采用膜生物反应器(membrane bio-reactor,MBR)对反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifyingphosphate-removal bacteria,DPB)进行快速富集及培养,并提供一种鉴别方法.试验中以乙酸钠为碳源,并在缺氧段投加一定浓度的硝酸盐,结果表明,在膜组件的高效截留作用下,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧2个阶段的富集培养,35 d内反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌(phosphate-accumulating organisms)的比例从24%上升到93%.此时系统的脱氮、除磷效率均可保持在90%以上.通过荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)并结合常规测定手段对活性污泥进行鉴别,确定Pseudomonas sp.和Rhodocyclus sp.为主要的优势菌.     

A functional perspective on the analysis of land use and land cover data in ecology

Assessments of large-scale changes in habitat are a priority for management and conservation. Traditional approaches use land use and land cover data (LULC) that focus mostly on “structural” properties of landscapes, rather than “functional” properties related to specific ecological processes. Here, we contend that designing functional analyses of LULC can provide important and complementary information to traditional, structural analyses. We substantiate this perspective with an example of functional changes in habitat due to industrial anthropogenic footprints in Alberta’s boreal forest, where there has been little overall forest loss (~ 6% structural change), but high levels of functional change (up to 93% functional change) for species’ habitat, biodiversity, and wildfire ignition. We discuss the methods needed to achieve functional LULC analyses, when they are most appropriate to add to structural assessments, and conclude by providing recommendations for analyses of LULC in a future of increasingly high-resolution, dynamic remote sensing data.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01434-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Classification of multiple types of organic carbon composition in atmospheric particles by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy analysis

A scanning transmission X-ray microscope at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is used to measure organic functional group abundance and morphology of atmospheric aerosols. We present a summary of spectra, sizes, and shapes observed in 595 particles that were collected and analyzed between 2000 and 2006. These particles ranged between 0.1 and 12 μm and represent aerosols found in a large range of geographical areas, altitudes, and times. They include samples from seven different field campaigns: PELTI, ACE-ASIA, DYCOMS II, Princeton, MILAGRO (urban), MILAGRO (C-130), and INTEX-B. At least 14 different classes of organic particles show different types of spectroscopic signatures. Different particle types are found within the same region while the same particle types are also found in different geographical domains. Particles chemically resembling black carbon, humic-like aerosols, pine ultisol, and secondary or processed aerosol have been identified from functional group abundance and comparison of spectra with those published in the literature.     

On the Issue of Functional Form Choice in Hedonic Price Functions: Further Evidence

/ Historically, researchers applying the hedonic technique devoted little effort to testing alternative functional forms. This study used Box-Cox transformations on a hedonic model examining property value effects of a closed landfill to help select among alternative functional forms. Although this particular application found that a log-log functional form was appropriate, it appears that functional form may vary by problem and case study area selected. Benefit estimates generated using the hedonic technique may be substantial over- or underestimates if the incorrect functional form is chosen. Proximity to the landfill had no significant effect on property values.KEY WORDS: Hedonics; Functional form; Box-Cox; Landfills     

北京市道路扬尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

以北京市代表性道路扬尘2004年的PM_(10)与PM_(2. 5)和2013年的PM_(2. 5)中21种无机元素含量为基础,分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘中6种主要元素为Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Mg和K,其含量之和占所有被测元素含量的比例分别为:2004年PM_(10)为96. 51%、2004年PM_(2. 5)为96. 42%和2013年PM_(2. 5)为96. 53%.2004年北京市道路扬尘中元素富集水平、重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险总体表现为:PM_(2. 5) PM_(10);燃煤烟尘特征元素Se在2004年的PM_(2. 5)中、Cd在2004年的PM_(10)与PM_(2. 5)中均为极强富集,富集因子分别为1024. 03、68. 15和871. 55; Co、Zn、Ca和Cu属显著富集,其富集因子在2004年PM_(10)中分别为12. 93、12. 33、8. 30和8. 07,在PM_(2. 5)中分别为17. 41、21. 80、12. 83和19. 73;但Na和Si在道路扬尘中均无富集.重金属的污染载荷指数(PLI)在2004年PM_(10)中为3. 95,PM_(2. 5)为7. 71. 2013年北京市道路扬尘PM_(2. 5)中重金属污染水平和潜在生态风险较2004年均显著降低,在2013年PM_(2. 5)中,Cd和Se的富集因子分别下降为98. 47和0. 95; Cu、Ca和Zn富集因子分别下降为11. 90、8. 84和8. 20; PLI下降为2. 56.研究表明,北京市道路扬尘多种重金属总的潜在生态风险极强,重金属Cd为极显著污染因子和主要的潜在生态风险来源,其潜在生态风险指数(RI)对重金属总的RI贡献超过85%. 2004年北京市道路扬尘主干道重金属污染程度明显高于其它道路类型,PM_(10)表现为:主干道高速进京口次干道环路,PM_(2. 5)表现为:主干道环路高速进京口次干道;而2013年PM_(2. 5)表现为:高速进京口主干道环路次干道,且次干道重金属污染水平显著低于其它道路类型. 2013年北京市道路扬尘PM_(2. 5)中,重金属Ti、Zn、V、Cr、Cu、Pb和Ni相关性显著,主要来源于与交通有关的排放.     

Nano-selenium controlled cadmium accumulation and improved photosynthesis in indica rice cultivated in lead and cadmium combined paddy soils

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are less toxic and more biocompatible than selenite or selenate. However, studies involving spraying with Se NPs for reducing accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in rice grains have been rarely reported as yet. Herein, indica rice seedlings cultivated in Cd+Pb-spiked paddy soils (denoted as positive control) were sprayed with Se NPs sols for four times from tillering to booting stage. Compared to positive control, 50–100 μmol/L Se NPs downregulated Cd transporters-related genes such as OsLCT1, OsHMA2 and OsCCX2 in leaves and OsLCT1, OsPCR1 and OsCCX2 genes in node I at filling stage. Meanwhile, Se-binding protein 1 was distinctly elevated, involving the repression of Cd and Pb transportation to rice grains. Se NPs also differentially improved RuBP carboxylase and chlorophylls especially some key genes and proteins involving photosynthetic system. Besides, 25–50 μmol/L Se NPs diminished reactive oxygen species overproduction from NADPH oxidases whereas boosted glutathione peroxidase, reducing protein carbonylation in rice seedlings. However, the antioxidant isozymes and oxidatively modified proteins were slightly rebounded at 100 μmol/L. Se contents were noticeably elevated and confirmed to exist as selenomethionine in the rice grains following all the treatments by Se NPs. Thus, the optimal dosage of Se NPs for foliar application is 50 μmol/L, which significantly decreased Cd accumulation, improved photosynthesis and Se enrichment whereas caused no distinct reduction of Pb in the grains. Thus, an appropriate dosage of Se NPs can be conducted to decrease Cd accumulation, improve photosynthesis, and organic Se contents in rice grains.     

调理剂对磷镉富集土壤中两种元素交互作用的影响

以磷镉富集的农业土壤（总Cd：0.94mg·kg^-1和全P：0.86g·kg^-1）为研究对象,按照湖北地区中稻生育期及至下茬作物播种期的时长进行室内培养试验,探究生物质炭（BC）、钙镁磷肥（CMP）和粉煤灰（FA）影响下土壤磷与镉的生物有效性、二者形态变化及其耦合作用效应.结果表明：①培养至140d时,添加调理剂处理土壤有效磷含量与未添加调理剂的对照土壤相比均显著增加,有效磷水平可达22.47~37.81mg·kg^-1,在不额外施用磷肥条件下可满足水稻最适生长需求,且添加BC处理的效果最佳.②供试土壤中的磷主要为无机正磷酸盐,且不同形态无机磷含量在调理剂作用下均有所提高,并随着时间土壤中固定态的O-P和Ca₁₀-P逐渐向活性较高的Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P形态转变.③添加调理剂处理土壤有效态Cd含量在对照处理基础上显著降低8.74%~17.48%,这与3种调理剂对土壤pH的提高作用相关联.与此同时,添加调理剂的处理与对照相比,可交换态Cd显著降低,碳酸盐结合态Cd和残渣态Cd均有所提高,这与土壤有机质在BC的促进效应下,其表面富含的活性基团能够与Cd²⁺吸附螯合有关.结果初步证明,3种调理剂均能实现供试磷镉富集土壤中磷活化和镉钝化的双重功能,并以生物质炭和钙镁磷肥效果为佳,其效果可覆盖整个水稻生长时段并可延续至其下茬作物播种期.     

淮南煤田石炭-二叠系煤中有害元素分布与富集赋存特征

为调查分析淮南煤田石炭—二叠系有害元素的分布与富集赋存特征,采用ICP-MS对张集矿、潘三矿和顾桥矿共159件样品的煤中微量元素含量进行了测试分析,分析了11种有害元素的含量分布特征、富集特征,利用聚类图谱探讨了有害元素的富集赋存特征。研究结果表明:除As外,绝大多数元素的平均含量均低于地壳丰度,除Ba和As外,绝大多数元素的平均含量均高于中国煤、美国煤和世界;采用地壳丰度作为对比值所得到的富集系数严重偏离了煤中有害元素的分布特征,与中国煤、美国煤和世界煤相对比较,Cd高度富集,Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sn、Ti为轻度富集至富集;不同煤层有害元素的富集程度存在较大的差异,Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Sn易出现富集,Cd为典型富集的有害元素,在8煤、7煤、6煤、5煤和4中出现高度富集;不同矿井主采煤层中有害元素富集程度存在差异,明显高度富集的有害元素为Cd、Ti;原煤灰分中的酸性组分超过灰成分的80%,灰成分指数平均碱酸比为9. 64%,煤中有害元素主要为陆源碎屑来源,部分存在自生矿物; As、Ni赋存富集于黄铁矿中,Ba、Mn可能赋存富集于碳酸盐矿物中,Cr可能吸附富集于粘土矿物中、Pb、Sn、Ti可能与硫酸盐矿物有关,Zn、Cu可能赋存在闪锌矿中,Cd可能赋存富集于黄铁矿和吸附富集于粘土矿物中,其富集程度与沉积环境和煤层稳定程度有关。