节织纹螺饲喂富集河豚毒素及相关差异蛋白表达的研究

我国东南沿海经常有食用含有河豚毒素节织纹螺的中毒事件发生,含有河豚毒素的动物对河豚毒素有很高的耐受能力,并对环境中的河豚毒素具有趋食性.织纹螺可以富集食物中的河豚毒素,但织纹螺体内的与河豚毒素富集相关的蛋白质还不清楚.为此我们收集了无毒的织纹螺,通过河豚毒素富集实验和蛋白质组学分析,发现在有毒织纹螺中有4种蛋白质表达量显著增多,飞行质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定分析它们分别是actin、actin2、beta-actin、膜泡ATP合酶B亚基.分析表明这些蛋白可能与河豚毒素在织纹螺体内富集、传递有关.     

南京市大气沉降中重金属特征及对土壤环境的影响

为明确城市大气重金属沉降对土壤环境的影响,在对南京市6个典型城市功能区连续4a大气(干、湿)沉降中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni)含量、通量、时空变异等方面研究的基础上,结合不同功能区表土重金属含量与土壤剖面206Pb/207Pb特征,分析其在城市土壤的累积特征.研究显示,Cu、Zn和Pb在大气沉降中强烈富集,其中又以Cu和Pb为潜在生态危害的关键元素.大气沉降导致除在相对未受城市人为活动影响的风景区外各功能区表土重金属均有明显富集,这种富集受大气沉降重金属含量和沉降量的共同影响.土壤累积模式预测钢铁工业区表土受大气重金属沉降影响的长期累积增量最大,以Zn和Pb最明显.钢铁工业区土壤剖面Pb含量和同位素特征显示表层20cm土体受大气沉降影响明显,206Pb/207Pb二元模型与预测模式对定量大气Pb沉降的土壤影响结果较一致,表明土壤中某些重金属的累积与大气沉降密切相关.     

AQUATIC IMPACTS OF DEICING SALTS IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: The fate and effect of sodium chloride applied to Californian highways in the Lake Tahoe, Truckee River, and Yuba River watersheds were studied over a period of 14 months in 1974–75. Chloride levels in streams below major freeways were found to be elevated during the winter. The high chloride levels occurred after the application of salt to roads, decreasing as the time from application increases. Small lakes receiving runoff from major highways were also enriched with chloride. Several of these lakes displayed a temporary chemocline, which was sufficiently strong to stabilize a temperature inversion in one lake.     

LIMNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A ROCKY MOUNTAIN HEADWATER RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: Hyalite Reservoir, Montana, was studied to determine properties of this small, montane, headwater, deep-release reservoir relative to reservoirs at lower elevations. While retention times for waters were as brief as 12 d, the mean residency of 40 d from mid-March to mid-December was within the range reported for other reservoirs. No significant through-reservoir gradients for suspended sediments were observed, contrasting to observations for most reservoirs. Thermal stratification, evident during the first part of the summer, was disrupted in August by cool, dense tributary inflows and strong wind-induced mixing. Dissolved oxygen concentrations paralleled temperature patterns in the reservoir; lowest average values for both occurred in waters sampled nearest the outlet. Total phosphorus averaged greater than twice the total nitrogen concentrations; greatest average concentrations for both were found in the near-bottom waters nearest the outlet. Enrichment of nitrogen concentrations in outflow over inflow waters is hypothesized to occur through nitrogen fixation by Aphanizonwnon flos-aquae. Despite the relatively high quality of waters from tributary inflows, an algal bloom, chlorophyll a concentrations, and primary productivity estimates suggested that the reservoir was mesotrophic. Circulation of waters within the reservoir was primarily influenced by wind-induced mixing, thermal gradients, and currents produced by the deep-water outlet.     

2008年北京采暖开始前后大气颗粒物化学成分及来源研究

为了系统反映北京采暖开始前后大气颗粒物的特征,于2008年10月底到12月初在北京北三环内城区使用分级式撞击采样仪进行了大气颗粒物采样,并用质子激发X射线荧光分析(PIXE)方法对其中16种化学元素浓度进行了分析.结果表明,采暖开始后16种元素总浓度较采暖期前增长3%,As、Cu在采暖期间的浓度增幅在30%以上,采暖开始后细粒子中Pb浓度增长为27%.富集因子分析结果表明,Cu、As、Pb等元素细粒子的富集因子比1999年同期有明显减小,说明北京近年来实行的环保措施较为有效.     

高密市高氟地下水成因研究

高密市曾经是全国氟中毒较为严重的地区之一,浅层高氟地下水是病区居民致病的主要原因。在系统环境地球化学调查的基础上,研究了当地高氟地下水的成因,认为岩石、土壤是当地高氟浅层地下水的主要来源。探讨了地下水中氟富集的因素与过程,提出了地氟病的防治措施。     

Chemical characteristics of precipitation at Nanping Mangdang Mountain in eastern China during spring

To study the characteristics of precipitation in eastern China, an automatic sampler was used to collect rainwater samples from 19 precipitation events at Mangdang Mountain, Nanping City, Fujiang Province, in the spring of 2009. We used ion chromatography to analyze the ionic components and concentrations, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to analyze element compositions and contents. The results demonstrated remarkable acidic characteristics: in more than 80% of precipitation events the pH was less than 5.6, with an average of 4.81. Mass concentration results showed SO4 2?? was the main anionic component (36.2% of the total anion mass), while NH4 + was the main cationic component (47.7% of the total cation mass) and main ion for acidity neutralization in the rainwater. Organic acid content accounted for 30.9% of total anion mass. The main trace metals were Ca, K, and Na. The SO4 2??/NO3?? ratio was 1.4, indicating that precipitation in this region was influenced by complex air pollution – the product of individual coal-burning combined with vehicle exhaust pollution. Correlation analysis of the chemical composition of the precipitation indicated that acidity in this region was determined by a combination of all acidic and neutralization ions rather than any single ion component. The results also showed that Na+ and Cl?? contributions were mainly by seawater; Mg2+ by seawater and crustal materials; the NH4 +, K+, Ca2+, NO3?? and SO4 2?? by anthropogenic sources; the trace metals were from the Earth’s crust; and organic acids were potentially from combustion of biomass.     

广东柘林湾至大埕湾海域表层沉积物重金属分布与环境地球化学特征

对广东柘林湾至大埕湾海域35个站点的表层沉积物样品进行了重金属和粒度分析,重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和Cr的平均含量(mg/kg)分别为:0.053、9.7、19.2、40.0、0.11、89.0和31.4。重金属(Cd除外)平面分布多呈西高东低、由柘林湾向大埕湾递减的变化趋势。本区粒度主要以细粒的粉砂(T)和粘土质粉砂(YT)为主,只有在湾口旗头山岬角附近以及黄冈河口附近粒度较粗,为砂质(S)过度至砂质粉砂(ST),显示出滨、浅海沉积环境。通过一些环境地球化学参数计算显示,重金属富集系数在0.73~1.37之间,其中Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn属弱富集,As、Cr和Cd与当地背景值相当。单因子潜在生态风险评价Hg属于中度污染,其余重金属为低度污染。多因子总生态风险评价广大区域属于低风险,中风险仅呈零星小斑块状分布,证明本区域沉积物环境总体良好。重金属之间(Cd除外)相关性为极显著~显著,显示出相似的来源。重金属与粒度相关性为显著~弱显著,重金属大致符合粒度控制规律。     

草本植物对土壤重金属的富集研究

介绍中国土壤重金属污染的概况及对土壤、植物、人类的影响;对植物修复机理及技术做了简要的阐述.结合近些年来国内学者的研究,筛选出了对Cd有富集作用的草本植物如叶用红菾菜、东南景天、球果薛菜等;对Pb有富集作用的草本植物如香根草、土荆芥等;对Zn有富集作用的草本植物如圆锥南芥、小鳞苔草等;对Cu有富集作用的草本植物如鸭跖草、海洲香薷等;对As有富集作用的草本植物如蜈蚣草、大叶井口边草.     

广东某垃圾焚烧炉周边空气颗粒物中金属浓度特征及源解析研究

以广东某垃圾焚烧炉为研究对象,应用富集因子法、主成分分析法对其周边环境空气中金属(Fe、Al、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ba、Pb、Cr、Ni、Bi和Cd)含量及来源进行分析.结果如下:研究区域环境空气中各金属含量(各点均值)(ng·m-3)为:Fe(1092—3487)Al(939—3126)Mg(716—1339)Cu(63.4—995)Zn(227—427)Mn(162—291.1)Ba(61.4—372)Pb(21.9—41.8)Cr(12.3—25.7)Ni(5.70—15.5)Bi(0.70—1.22)Cd(0.42—0.82).相关分析和主成分分析发现,研究区域Fe与Ni、Cr、Mn、Ba主要来自于焚烧炉释放,Zn、Cd、Pb、Bi和Cu则来自于研究区域周边的交通污染源,而Al和Mg则主要来自于地壳或土壤背景值.