2015—2018年春节期间合肥烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

根据2015—2018年颗粒物浓度数据、颗粒物组分、激光雷达等资料,分析烟花爆竹燃放对合肥市空气质量的影响。研究发现,随着烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度的加强,2018年合肥市烟花爆竹对空气质量影响较2015—2017年显著下降,2018年春节期间PM₁₀与PM_2.5峰值浓度比2017年分别下降44.4%和52.9%,污染峰值容易出现在除夕和初一前后。春节期间合肥市大气污染总体上呈现自东北到西南逐渐减轻的趋势,周边县(市)空气质量的污染程度比城区更加严重。烟花爆竹的燃放导致空气中金属元素浓度和SO₄2-浓度明显增加,富集因子法发现呈现严重富集重金属元素Sr、Zn、Ba、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb和其他元素(如K、As)。2018年烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度加强后,K、As、Sn、Sb元素富集程度呈现下降趋势,较高消光系数对应的高度范围较2017年大幅减小,并且污染带厚度显著降低,城区依然可能存在外来污染传输的颗粒物下沉现象,周边大片农村和城乡结合部的烟花爆竹集中燃放同样会导致被其包围的城区空气质量迅速恶化。     

巯基棉富集大气中汞的有效解吸方法研究

研究了DMA-80测汞仪对巯基棉富集汞的高效解吸方法。常温定速、定量洗脱巯基棉中汞发现,4.0 mol/L盐酸-氯化钠饱和溶液洗脱巯基棉中汞的效率为25%,而0.28%硝酸-3.5%氯化钠溶液(质量比为1∶12.5)洗脱汞效率不到5.6%,表明多数汞仍被富集,但4.0 mol/L盐酸-氯化钠饱和溶液洗脱巯基棉中汞效率稍高。用3种不同解吸方法探究巯基棉中汞回收率发现,超声波解吸汞效率高、耗时短,且低盐、低酸度、低成本的0.28%硝酸-3.5%氯化钠溶液可实现巯基棉中汞的高效洗脱;以4.0 mol/L盐酸-氯化钠饱和溶液及0.28%硝酸-3.5%氯化钠溶液分别为洗脱介质的微波消解法洗脱汞效率高于94.5%;正交试验得出洗脱介质为0.65 mol/L盐酸-氯化钠饱和溶液在95℃电热板中消解4 h含汞巯基棉后,解吸汞效率高于90%。     

重庆市黔江区降水地球化学特征

为了解生态旅游城市重庆市黔江区大气污染状况,2015年采集了91个降水样品,分析了降水中离子组分分布特征,运用富集因子法、海盐示踪法、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和HYSPLIT模型分析了降水化学组分来源。研究结果表明:黔江区域降水p H为5.66~6.96,加权平均值为6.34,降水离子组分浓度大小次序为SO_4~(2-)Ca~(2+)NH_4~+Mg~(2+)NO_3~-Cl~-Na~+K~+F~-,SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)之和占总离子的63.95%;除Mg~(2+)和K+外,其余组分离子浓度与总离子浓度随季节变化(冬季春季秋季夏季)呈同样的变化特征。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和K+大部分均来源于陆源贡献,Na~+可能受到了海洋源的影响,SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-主要来源于人为输入源的贡献,Cl~-是受土壤物质和海洋的双重影响。轨迹水汽运输结果表明:黔江区域的降水主要受到西北气团、西南季风、西风环流和极地气候共同作用输入。降水中各个离子组分均表现出显著性或极显著性关系,主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分上研究的降水离子组分中都具有相对较大正载荷,第二组分pH、降水量和气温为一类。     

Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Sediments of the Izmit Bay, Turkey

Surface sediments in the fraction < 63 μm collected from eight stations along the north coastline of Izmit Bay, north-eastern Marmara Sea, Turkey, were analyzed for major (organic carbon, Al, Ba, Fe and Mg) and trace (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn) elements by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Sediments heavily contaminated are evaluated by the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) of US EPA. The results were compared with the marine sediment quality standards (SQS), as well as literature values reported to assess the pollution status of the sediments. The enrichment factors (EFs) were calculated to evaluate actual level of contamination for all the elements using the earth crust as reference matrix, based on elemental values by Mason which show a normal pattern near to unity. The analysis revealed two groups of elements: (i) Arsenic, Cd, Pb, and Zn are the most enriched elements; (ii) Barium, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo and Ni are at background levels. The results show that road traffic run-offs, paint industries and coal combustion are among the most significant sources.     

Introduction of the Factor of Partitioning in the Lithogenic Enrichment Factors of Trace Element Bioaccumulation in Plant Tissues

Bioindicators are widely used in the study of trace elements inputs into the environment and great efforts have been conducted to separate atmospheric from soil borne inputs on biomass accumulation. Many monitoring studies of trace element pollution take into account the dust particles located in the plant surface plus the contents of the plant tissues. However, it is usually only the trace element content in the plant tissues that is relevant on plant health. Enrichment factor equations take into account the trace element enrichment of biomasses with respect soil or bedrocks by comparing the ratios of the trace element in question to a lithogenic element, usually Al. However, the enrichment equations currently in use are inadequate because they do not take into account the fact that Al (or whichever reference element) and the element in question may have different solubility-absorption-retention levels depending on the rock and soil types involved. This constrain will become critical when results from different sites are compared and so in this article we propose that the solubility factors of each element are taken into account in order to overcome this constrain. We analysed Sb, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, V, Zn, Cu, As, Hg, and Al concentration in different zones of Catalonia (NE Spain) using the evergreen oak Quercus ilex and the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as target species. We compared the results obtained in rural and non industrial areas with those from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. We observed differences in Al concentrations of soils and bedrocks at each different site, together with the differences in solubility between Al and the element in question, and a weak correlation between total soil content and water extract content through different sites for most trace elements. All these findings show the unsuitability of the current enrichment factors for calculating lithospheric and atmospheric contributions to trace element concentrations in biomass tissues. The trace element enrichment factors were calculated by subtracting the part predicted by substrate composition (deduced from water extracts from soils and bedrock) from total concentrations. Results showed that for most of the trace elements analysed, trace elements enrichment factors were higher inside the Barcelona Metropolitan Area than outside, a finding that indicates that greater atmospheric inputs occur in urban areas. The results show that the most useful and correct way of establishing a reference for lithospheric and atmospheric inputs into the plant tissues is, first, to analyse samples of the same plant species collected from a number of sites possessing similar environmental conditions (climate, vegetation type, soil type) and, second, to use this new enrichment factor obtained by subtracting from the total concentration in plant tissue the predicted contribution of soil or bedrock extracts instead of that of total soil or bedrock concentrations.     

浙江浦阳江大型底栖无脊椎动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复研究

为科学评估河流修复效果,研究修复河流中底栖动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复特征,以浙江省浦江县浦阳江干流为研究对象,分别对2个近自然河段、2个城区修复河段和3个郊区修复河段在修复后1,3,4和5年的水质和底栖动物恢复状况进行调查研究.采用广义最小二乘法(GLS)模型探索底栖动物物种多样性(总物种丰富度、EPT丰富度和Sha...     

固相萃取技术在环境水质监测方法开发中的应用

固相萃取技术非常适用于环境水质中痕量有机污染物的监测分析。文章从选择固相萃取柱到萃取液进入色谱分析这样一个完整的过程,并以使用该技术萃取环境水样中的硝基苯类化合物为例,具体阐述了如何使用固相萃取技术建立一个方便实用的环境水质监测分析方法。     

重庆市春季大气中PM10元素污染特征

为研究重庆市春季可吸入颗粒物中元素组成特征,于2006年4月在重庆市主城8区和缙云山对照点采集环境中PM10样品,用X-射线荧光光谱法测定其中24个元素的含量。选取16种元素,分为地壳元素和污染元素两大类进行体积分数、雨水洗脱作用和富集因子的分析。分析结果表明:与对照点相比,重庆市主城区PM10元素污染相对较重,且具有煤烟型硫化物污染的特点;污染元素浓度在晴天和阴雨天变化显著,对照点雨水对PM10洗脱作用较为明显;无论是主城区还是对照点,污染元素的富集因子较高,其中Se、S、Br和Pb的富集现象最为显著。     

佛山市不同陶瓷车间内空气TSP中金属元素的分析

用小流量TSP采样器对佛山市4家陶瓷企业内无组织排放特征明显的车间TSP进行了测定,并采用ICP-MS技术对TSP的金属元素成分进行了分析,测试结果中,共有43种金属元素被检出,各车间内主要金属元素浓度值较高。TSP中金属元素富集因子的研究结果表明,共有11类元素富集值大于10而出现了富集的特征,另有14个元素富集值低于1。以元素富集因子进行的聚类分析,除8种富集元素外,35种金属元素聚集成一个大类群。     

Ecological network analyses and their use for establishing reference domain in functional assessment of an estuary

We developed a framework to use ecological network analysis for functional assessment of large aquatic ecosystems in the context of ecosystem-based management. We established a reference domain for the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA, from changes over time. Four reference network models of the trophic structure of the estuary during early and late summers of 1997 and 1998 were constructed and analyzed. The estuary has experienced various symptoms of eutrophication during the past 20 years, including summer-time hypoxia and fish kills. The networks were used to quantify indices of nominal trophic dynamics and their variation. The ratio of biomass of nekton to that of macrobenthos, derived from network construction, was used to index severity of eutrophication and to promote accessibility of ecological network analysis to environmental management. The ratio increased from early to late summer, and network metrics demonstrated a variety of responses in association with that change. Some variables from network analysis, especially related to consumers, reflected some but not all of this change. Others reflected the most severe increase in the ratio in late summer 1997 when hypoxia was most extensive. We evaluated uncertainty and the modulating effects of hierarchy by comparing variation of input biomasses with integrative response variables. Relative variation in input variables was generally greater than that of the integrative response variables as predicted by hierarchy theory. Ecological network analysis has previously served as support for ecosystem-based management of large aquatic systems with some success. However, its use can be enhanced by making it more accessible to environmental managers and policy makers. Ways to do this include promoting simple metrics from network construction and explicitly associating network analysis to concepts familiar to the management community, such as functional assessment and reference.