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371.
Although Late Pleistocene extinctions disproportionately affected larger mammalian species, numerous smaller species were also lost. To date, no satisfactory explanation has been presented to account for this pattern. Beginning with the assumption that human predation caused the extinctions, we offer and test the first such explanatory hypothesis, which is predicated on considering more realistic functional response forms (i.e., those that allow for predator interference or prey sharing). We then test the hypothesis via a one-predator, six-prey ecological model that maintains transparency, minimalism of design, and maximal constraint of parameters. Results indicate that altering assumptions about one cornerstone of ecological modeling (i.e., functional response) fails to produce qualitative differences in survival–extinction outcomes—even in conjunction with a wide range of capture efficiency permutations. This unexpected finding suggests that no reasonable form of predation alone is capable of producing the survival–extinction pattern observed. We conclude that the matter of causation and the conclusions of previous Late Pleistocene extinction models remain far less certain than many have assumed. 相似文献
372.
介绍了用GC/MS法分析大气中挥发性有机污染物。以8种苯系物为试剂进行试验,结果表明:相对标准偏差小于9%,回收率大于95%;当采样量为10L时,8种苯系物的最低检出质量浓度均低于2μg/m^3。 相似文献
373.
Anirban Dutta Venugopal Vasudevan Lata Nain 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(1):24-34
An enrichment culture was used to study atrazine degradation in mineral salt medium (MSM) (T1), MSM+soil extract (1:1, v/v) (T2) and soil extract (T3). Results suggested that enrichment culture required soil extract to degrade atrazine, as after second sequential transfer only partial atrazine degradation was observed in T1 treatment while atrazine was completely degraded in T2 and T3 treatments even after fourth transfer. Culture independent polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique confirmed selective enrichment of genus Bacillus along with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia. Degradation of atrazine/metabolites in the industrial wastewater was studied at different initial concentrations of the contaminants [wastewater-water (v/v) ratio: T1, 1:9; T2, 2:8; T3, 3:7; T4, 5:5 and T5, undiluted effluent]. The initial concentrations of atrazine, cyanuric acid and biuret ranged between 5.32 and 53.92 µg mL?1, 265.6 and 1805.2 µg mL?1 and 1.85 and 16.12 µg mL?1, respectively. The enrichment culture was able to completely degrade atrazine, cyanuric acid and biuret up to T4 treatment, while no appreciable degradation of contaminants was observed in the undiluted effluent (T5). Inability of enrichment culture to degrade atrazine/metabolites might be due to high concentrations of cyanuric acid. Therefore, a separate study on cyanuric acid degradation suggested: (i) no appreciable cyanuric acid degradation with accumulation of an unidentified metabolite in the medium where cyanuric acid was supplemented as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen; (ii) partial cyanuric acid degradation with accumulation of unidentified metabolite in the medium containing additional nitrogen source; and (iii) complete cyanuric acid degradation in the medium supplemented with an additional carbon source. This unidentified metabolite observed during cyanuric acid degradation and also detected in the enrichment culture inoculated wastewater samples, however, was degraded up to T4 treatments and was persistent in the T5 treatment. Probably, accumulation of this metabolite inhibited atrazine/cyanuric acid degradation by the enrichment culture in undiluted wastewater. 相似文献
374.
利用高炉瓦斯泥中的锌制备活性氧化锌的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用高炉炼铁瓦斯泥中的锌,采用火法富集和湿法浸取制取活性氧化锌。考察了温度、时间对火法富集产品中氧化锌含量和原料瓦斯泥中锌挥发率的影响,确定了富集工艺的最佳条件为:在氮气氛围下,温度从常温以10℃/min升温至1 000℃并且在1 000℃下保持1 h,得到的富集产品中氧化锌含量82.24%;瓦斯泥中锌挥发率97%。同时考察了温度、氨水用量、碳酸氢铵用量和液固比等因素对氧化锌浸取率的影响。确定的最佳工艺条件为:浸取温度40℃,氨水用量为理论量的2倍,碳酸氢铵用量为理论量的2倍,液固比4∶1,浸取时间2 h,氧化锌浸取率达99.9%。湿法制得的活性前驱体碱式碳酸锌,经煅烧得到纯度为98.4%的活性氧化锌产品,氧化锌的总回收率达95.3%。 相似文献
375.
Atrazine degrading enrichment culture was prepared by its repeated addition to an alluvial soil and its ability to degrade atrazine in mineral salts medium and soil was studied. Enrichment culture utilized atrazine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen in mineral salts medium and degradation slowed down when sucrose and/or ammonium hydrogen phosphate were supplemented as additional source of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Biuret was detected as the only metabolite of atrazine while deethylatrazine, deisopropyatrazine, hydroxyatrazine and cyanuric acid were never detected at any stage of degradation. Enrichment culture degraded atrazine in an alkaline alluvial soil while no degradation was observed in the acidic laterite soil. Enrichment culture was able to withstand high concentrations of atrazine (110 μg/g) in the alluvial soil as atrazine was completely degraded. Developed mixed culture has the ability to degrade atrazine and has potential application in decontamination of contaminated water and soil. 相似文献
376.
Heavy metals in respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) were analyzed for different seasons, from July 2002 to December
2002, at different locations in Hisar (Haryana, India). The samples were analyzed for Pb, As, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe and Mg on atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in air-acetylene flame. The concentration of heavy metals was more in the studied residential
area followed by industrial area and commercial area. The concentrations of Fe, As, Ni and Mn were found to be more compared
to other metals. Further, the concentrations of all the heavy metals were higher in pre-monsoon (extended summer) and monsoon
followed by post-monsoon, autumn and winter. Meteorology played an important role in concentration of heavy metals in RSPM.
Turbulent conditions resulted in higher concentration owing to re-suspension and external input whereas, low wind speed, low
temperature and high relative humidity favoured low concentration of the pollutants. The evaluation of enrichment factor revealed
that Pb, As, Ni, Cu, and Mn are emitted, chiefly from anthropogenic sources and Fe and Mg are associated with natural sources. 相似文献
377.
Reduced nitrogen has a greater effect than oxidised nitrogen on dry heathland vegetation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
van den Berg LJ Peters CJ Ashmore MR Roelofs JG 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(3):359-369
We investigated the effects of different ratios of reduced (NH4+) versus oxidised (NO3(-)) nitrogen in deposition on heathland and species-rich grassland vegetation at high nitrogen deposition levels in large mesocosms filled with nutrient-poor soils to which different NH4+/NO3(-) ratios were applied. The response of the forbs, Antennaria dioica, Arnica montana, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Thymus serpyllum, the grasses Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta and the shrub Calluna vulgaris was recorded. The forb A. dioica and the grass D.decumbens preferred low NH4+/NO3(-) ratios and were characterised by a negative correlation between NH4+/NO3(-) ratios and biomass and survival, whereas the grasses N. stricta and D. flexuosa showed no correlation with NH4+/NO3(-) ratios. Lime addition eliminated the negative effects of high NH4+ concentrations in deposition for A. dioica and the grass D. decumbens. The implications of these findings for heathland vegetations are discussed. 相似文献
378.
We examined the effect of subsample size on the accuracy of information obtained from aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage
samples. Subsamples containing 100 organisms or 300 organisms were compared on the bases of processing time and the ability
to discern ecological differences among samples. Independently of subsample size, assemblages differed between study streams,
primarily reflecting an intermittent vs. permanent stream difference, and between seasons at most streams. It required, on
average, two additional hours to process the larger subsamples. Larger subsamples gave significantly higher estimates of total
richness and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness, but the relative abundances of many assemblage subsets
(e.g., EPT organisms and most functional feeding groups) were similar using both subsample sizes. Larger subsamples did not
typically enhance the ability to discriminate between samples from different seasons, but did more accurately distinguish
among streams when differences were subtle. They also appeared to avoid Type I error in comparisons of compositionally similar
reaches within a study stream. 相似文献
379.
Andrew J. McElrone Jason G. Hamilton Mihai Aldea Evan H. DeLucia 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(1):108-114
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to double within the next century and alter climate regimes, yet the extent that these changes will affect plant diseases remains unclear. In this study conducted over five years, we assessed how elevated CO2 and interannual climatic variability affect Cercospora leaf spot diseases of two deciduous trees. Climatic data varied considerably between the five years and altered disease expression. Disease incidence and severity for both species were greater in years with above average rainfall. In years with above average temperatures, disease incidence for Liquidambar styraciflua was decreased significantly. When significant changes did occur, disease incidence and severity always increased under elevated CO2. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of leaves revealed that any visible increase in disease severity induced by elevated CO2 was mitigated by higher photosynthetic efficiency in the remaining undamaged leaf tissue and in a halo surrounding lesions. 相似文献
380.