Functional regulatory spaces and policy diffusion in Europe: The case of mountains

The aim of this article is to propose a new analytical framework for comparing and explaining the emergence and diffusion of European regional mountain initiatives (ERMIs), envisaged as ‘functional regulatory spaces’ (FRS). The article examines three exploratory hypotheses. The first hypothesis considers that the different ERMIs (Alps, Pyrenees, Jura, Carpathian, Balkan Mountains, Dinaric Arc, Caucasus) can be compared, distinguished, and classified using the FRS approach. The second hypothesis addresses the relationship between the degree to which ERMIs correspond to an ideal-type FRS and their role and position within policy diffusion processes. We suggest that the more an ERMI corresponds to an ideal-type FRS, the more important is its role in diffusion processes. The third hypothesis focuses on the relationship between the degree of formalization and institutionalization of ERMIs and their role in policy diffusion processes. We argue that the more and the earlier an ERMI is “formalized” and “institutionalized” in a clear and robust way as a “mature” FRS, the more important its role, and the more central its position, in diffusion processes. This article is a very first attempt to link FRS and policy diffusion concepts. As such it seeks to assess the link's feasibility and relevance, rather than a definitive empirical (in)validation of the three hypotheses.     

CEM-UF组合膜-硝化/反硝化系统处理低C/N废水及种群结构分析

本研究采用具有氨氮富集分离特性的阳离子交换膜-超滤(CEM-UF)组合膜与硝化/反硝化结合处理低C/N废水,考察该系统不同流量比下低C/N废水的硝化、反硝化脱氮特性,并通过对硝化、反硝化活性污泥进行16Sr DNA高通量测序,分析功能微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,系统进水TN为60 mg·L-1,COD/TN为2.65下,各流量比下硝化均有较好效果,平均氨氮去除率为98.7%,流量比值由1∶2上升到1∶6过程中,反硝化m(COD)/m(NO-3-N)随之升高,1∶6时平均硝氮去除率达到最高,为86.28%,系统总氮去除率由22.56%上升到46.8%.Illumina高通量测序结果表明,硝化污泥中可以固氮的Proteobacteria菌门占30.9%,重要的亚硝酸盐氧化菌Nitrospirae菌门占3.06%,属水平上检测到氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)Nitrospira和Nitrobacter,AOB与NOB菌比例较高,与硝化反应器中较好的硝化效果相一致.反硝化污泥中Proteobacteria菌门占主导地位(53.13%),其次是Bacteroidetes菌门(10.93%),在属的水平上检测到Dechloromonas、Thauera、Castellaniella、Alicycliphilus、Azospira、Comamonas、Caldilinea和Saccharibacteria多种具有反硝化脱氮作用的相关菌属,反硝化菌所占比例为25.91%,反硝化污泥中具有反硝化功能的微生物丰富,反硝化效果良好.     

Coupled biodegradation of p-nitrophenol and p-aminophenol in bioelectrochemical system: Mechanism and microbial functional diversity

Biodegradation mechanisms and microbial functional diversity during coupled p-nitrophenol (PNP) and p-aminophenol (PAP) degradation were studied in a bioelectrochemical system. PNP in the biocathode and PAP in the bioanode were almost completely removed within 28hr and 68hr respectively. The degradation followed the steps including hydrating hydroxyalkylation, dehydrogenating carbonylation, and hydrolating ring cleavage, etc. Metagemomic analysis based on the KEGG and eggNOG database annotations revealed the microbial composition and functional genes/enzymes related to phenol degradation in the system. The predominant bacteria genera were Lautropia, Pandoraea, Thiobacillus, Ignavibacterium, Truepera and Hyphomicrobium. The recognized biodegradation genes/enzymes related to pollutant degradation were as follows: pmo, hbd, & ppo for phenol degradation, nzba, amie, & badh for aromatic degradation, and CYP & p450 for xenobiotics degradation, etc. The co-occurrence of ARGs (antibiotic resistant genes), such as adeF, MexJ, ErmF, PDC-93 and Escherichia_coli_mdfA, etc., were annotated in CARD database during the biodegradation process. The Proteobacteria & Actinobacteria phylum was the primary host of both the biodegradation genes & ARGs in this system. The microbial functional diversity ensured the effective biodegradation of the phenol pollutants in the bioelectrochemical system.     

保定地区PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解保定市大气环境中PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征及其健康风险,在保定市设立观测站点,利用中流量颗粒物采样器对保定市大气PM_2.5进行了连续昼夜采集,并使用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法分析了样品中的V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等10种重金属元素的质量浓度.结果表明,保定市大气PM_2.5浓度范围为16.84~476.19 μg·m^-3,采样期间有65d高于我国《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095-2012）中的二级标准,超标率为54.2%.保定市PM_2.5中重金属元素的浓度变化趋势为：除Ni、Mn和Co外,夜间浓度略大于日间;大部分重金属元素秋冬季浓度大于春夏季.富集因子分析可知,保定市Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd主要来自于人为源,特别是受到交通源的影响较大.健康风险评估结果表明,保定市大气PM_2.5中的重金属污染的非致癌风险较小,致癌风险主要是As、Cr、Cd和Co,且成年人的致癌风险大于儿童.     

Functional traits of poplar leaves and fine roots responses to ozone pollution under soil nitrogen addition

Concurrent ground-level ozone（O₃） pollution and anthropogenic nitrogen（N） deposition can markedly influence dynamics and productivity in forests.Most studies evaluating the functional traits responses of rapid-turnover organs to O₃ have specifically examined leaves,despite fine roots are another major source of soil carbon and nutrient input in forest ecosystems.How elevated O₃ levels impact fine root biomass and biochemistry remains to be resolved.This study was...     

部分植物富集镉能力探讨

综述了农作物、油料作物、蔬菜、水果、杂草和树木等植物富集镉的不同情况,指出了现在研究植物富集镉能力的弊端,提出寻找自然生长在镉污染区生物量大的耐镉植物是植物修复镉污染土壤的一条重要途径。     

好氧段碳源浓度对同步去除和富集磷酸盐生物膜的影响

利用聚磷菌以循环交替O/A模式运行,对生活污水处理厂的主流工艺中实现磷酸盐的同步去除和富集,探究了好氧段碳源浓度对聚磷生物膜去除和富集磷酸盐性能以及生物膜中微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,好氧COD质量浓度从200 mg·L~(-1)降低到0 mg·L~(-1),吸磷速率提升1. 29倍,出水磷质量浓度稳定在0. 5 mg·L~(-1)以下;释磷速率提升3. 56倍,富集液磷酸盐质量浓度从27. 125 mg·L~(-1)升高到55. 91 mg·L~(-1).微生物群落变化中,鉴定为聚磷菌的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的含量增加约2倍,红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)和厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)的富集效果分别提高了2. 28和5倍.降低好氧段碳源浓度,有利于聚磷菌的筛选和富集,强化了好氧段磷酸盐的去除以及厌氧段磷酸盐的释放,获得了更高的磷酸盐富集液,并且为以资源回收为目的的未来城市污水处理厂提供降低好氧段碳源需求的理论基础.     

Re-Establishing a Sustainable Wetland at Former Lake Karla,Greece, Using Ramsar Restoration Guidelines

Lake Karla, Greece, was almost completely drained in 1962 both to protect surrounding farmlands from flooding and to increase agricultural area. Loss of wetland functions and values resulted in environmental, social, and economic problems. A number of restoration plans were proposed to address these problems. The plan approved by the government in the early 1990s proposed construction of a 4200-ha reservoir solely to improve water storage and flood attenuation functions. However, the Ramsar Scientific and Technical Review Panel states that the primary goal of any restoration project is to create resilient and sustainable ecosystems, as measured on a human timescale, in order to improve the ecological character and enhance the socioeconomic role that the wetland plays in the watershed. This study utilizes Ramsar guidelines for sustainable restoration of Lake Karla. Eight additional restoration measures are proposed based on functional analysis of the wetland to enhance additional wetland functions and support multiple values for humans and nature.     

Metaprotella Sandalensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae): A Bioindicator of Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reefs?

The population of the caprellid Metaprotella sandalensis Mayer (Crustacea: Amphipoda) associated with the seaweed Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh was studied on a spatial scale in relation to the influence of physico-chemical factors on the coral reef system at Mauritius Island. Some areas of the coast of Mauritius are currently subject to disturbance due to industrialisation and rapidly growing tourist development programmes, meanwhile other sites of the island are still unaltered. T. ornata was sampled at 12 stations, distributed around the whole island to represent the heterogeneous conditions. The density of Metaprotella sandalensis living on T. ornata was measured. The linear regression and the multivariate analysis showed a strong correlation between the densities of the caprellid and the physico-chemical parameters. The highest densities of M. sandalensis were found in the most stressed sites characterised by the highest values of nitrate, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand and silting. According to these results and taking into account that M. sandalensis and T. ornata are widely distributed in most of the tropical ecosystems, we preliminarily propose usage of the density of this caprellid as a new monitoring tool on coral reefs or, at least, as a first diagnosis for the detection of nutrient enrichment on these ecosystems.     

Characteristics of metal enrichment in Deep Bay, Hong Kong

Abstract: Sediment cores, suspended particles and overlying water were collected in Deep Bay, Hong Kong. Enrichment of Zn in surface sediments in the landward direction and the decreasing of exchangeable Cd, Ni and Zn in sediment from the inner bay to the outer bay indicated the influence of anthropogenic pollutants discharged from the riparian runoffs.