河流水环境有机污染物的自组织预测模型及应用

自组织预测模型是前苏联学者伊万年科提出的一种非线性建模预测方法,它能有效地解决复杂非线性系统的数据处理和建模问题。该文应用它进行水环境有机污染物预测,以实际监测数据为基础,建立了一个河流有机物浓度预测的自组织模型,其检验样本的预测误差在５％以内      

Indicators of visual scale as predictors of landscape preference; a comparison between groups

Landscape change alters the visual scale of agricultural landscapes, as production units get larger and strips of taller vegetation are removed between smaller units. Visual scale, defined as the perceptual units reflecting the experience of landscape rooms, visibility and openness, is considered a key factor shaping landscape preference. The visual expression of landscapes affects people in many ways; aesthetic appreciation, health and well being. In order to understand how landscape changes alter the visual scale of landscapes, and hence its effect on human beings, it is important to establish efficient and practical ways of measuring visual scale and its relation to landscape preferences. This paper presents an empirical test of the ability to predict landscape preference of two photo-based indicators of visual scale; percentage open land in the view and size of landscape rooms. A preference survey was conducted with two groups of respondents; a student group from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) and a public group. The student group was chosen to represent future landscape professionals. Photos of landscapes varying in the expression of visual scale were shown to survey respondents, who were asked to give scores according to how much they liked the landscapes. Both indicators were found to be predictors of preference for the student group, but not for the public group. The results demonstrate that student preferences do not reflect the landscape preferences of the wider public. The different appreciation of visual scale in the landscape of future landscape professionals and the public implies that experts wanting to reflect preferences of the wider public should be cautious when evaluating the visual impact of landscape change.     

抚顺地区土壤肥力分析与评价

通过对抚顺地区65个点位土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾五个指标的实地监测,得出抚顺地区土壤肥力基本状况为：土壤酸碱度处于中等,有机质含量和全磷含量丰富,全氮含量较丰富,全钾含量较缺,并针对该现状。提出了如何合理施用钾肥。     

岩层与地表移动控制技术的研究现状及展望

岩层与地表移动控制技术是矿山开采沉陷学的主要研究方向 ,其目的是研究合适的采矿方法和相关技术 ,尽可能地减少岩层和地表移动 ,保护地表建筑物的安全。在综合分析大量文献的基础上 ,从部分开采方法、充填开采方法、覆岩离层注浆和协调开采方法等几个方面对目前岩层与地表移动控制技术的研究现状进行了论述。展望了我国岩层与地表移动控制技术的发展趋势。     

珠江三角洲火电群SO2污染及防治对策研究

在已有的大气环境质量资料和污染源排放资料基础上，用建立的珠江三角洲空气污染数值模式，经验证，计算了珠江三角洲２０００年，２０１０年的电力工业的ＳＯ２污染和对３个污染防治对策方案进行了分析，认为只有采取适当的限制燃料含硫量和大型燃煤电厂烟气脱硫等防治措施，才能控制ＳＯ２污染加重的趋势。     

Conspecific threat,predation avoidance,and resource defense: implications for grouping in langurs

Data on langur (Presbytis entellus) populations were gathered from the literature to test the importance of three selective pressures in determining group size and composition: predation pressure, intergroup resource defense, and conspecific threat. There were no detectable difference in the size of groups in populations facing nearly intact predator communities compared to those populations where predators were severely reduced in number or absent, although there was a trend for the number of adult males per group to increase in areas with nearly intact predator communities. Using population density as an indirect measure of the frequency of intrusions into a group’s home range and thereby as an index of the demographic pressure favoring resource defense, we predicted that higher densities would result in larger defensive coalitions and higher numbers of females per group. This prediction was not upheld. Our third selective pressure, conspecific threat, encompasses those selective forces resulting from physical attack on females, infants, and juveniles. Our index of conspecific threat uses the number of non-group males divided by the number of bisexual groups, because in langurs, the major source of conspecific threat derives from non-group males who, following group take-over, kill infants, wound females, and expel juveniles from groups. This index of conspecific threat was strongly related to the mean number of resident females, was weakly related to the mean group size, but was not related to the number of males in the group. In addition, as predicted, populations with a high index of conspecific threat had higher levels of juvenile expulsion. These analyses were corroborated by a simulation model which used a computer-generated series of null populations to calculate expected slopes of immatures regressed on adult females. These randomly generated populations, matched to means and ranges of real populations, allowed us to determine if deviations of the observed slopes from the expected null slopes could be explained by variation in predation pressure, population density, or conspecific threat. We found no evidence that predation pressure was associated with decreases in immature survival in smaller groups, as would be predicted by the predation-avoidance hypothesis. We found no evidence that immature survival was compromised by small group size in high-density populations, as would be predicted by the resource-defense hypothesis. However, as the index of conspecific threat increased, groups with larger numbers of females were more successful than groups with fewer females in reducing mortality or expulsion of immatures. Overall, conspecific threat received the strongest support as a selective pressure influencing langur group size and composition, suggesting that this selective pressure should be evaluated more widely as a factor influencing composition of animal groups. Received: 23 January 1995/Accepted after revision: 18 February 1996     

Financial failures in mining : Implications for LDC mineral policies

The risk of financial failure among LDC mining projects, always significant, has apparently increased during recent years. This situation, which is unlikely to change in the near future, has important implications for LDC mineral policies. In particular, it can no longer be assumed that mining will generate significant government revenues, traditionally regarded as the single most important economic benefit arising from large-scale mining projects in LDCs. Many LDC governments consequently need to reassess their mineral policies and place greater stress on maximizing economic benefits which will accrue even where mines fail to generate significant profits. Two such benefits are discussed, and concrete policy measures are suggested to illustrate the initiatives available to LDCs.     

朝鲜晚奥陶世——志留纪和泥盆纪地层发现的启示

本文在比较系统介绍朝鲜于60-70年代发现泥盆纪临律群和晚奥陶世—志留纪地层的基础上,论证前者西延登上山东半岛,后者指向辽东、冀东的可能性。     

南秦岭东江口岩体群Pb、Sr和Nd同位素地球化学特征及其对物源的制约

以区域地球化学研究成果为基础，通过Pb、Sr、Nd同位素特征分析，揭示出东江口岩体群的Pb同位素特征与南秦岭东段基底具有耦合关系，而与其它构造单元则存在明显的差异，204Pb-207Pb／206Pb，204Pb-208Pb／206Pb图解研究表明，该岩体群为下地壳源花岗岩类，Nd同位素特征（tDN和εNd（t））表明，耀岭河群最适合于作为岩体群的主要物源。该岩体群和耀岭河群的Sr同位素存在一定的差别，这可能是由于南秦岭在280－200Ma间强烈的地质作用使Rb－Sr同位素体系改造所致。     

非线性理论在开采沉陷中的应用

简要介绍了近年来把非线性理论应用于矿山开采沉陷领域的一些研究成果,主要包括两大部分：（１）神经网络理论在开采沉陷中的应用;（２）离散单元法在开采沉陷中的应用