休耕对抚仙湖周边农田土壤剖面和浅层地下水中氮累积的影响

减少外源氮投入能有效降低农田土壤氮累积和地下水氮污染,休耕是减少外源氮投入的重要措施之一.为探讨农田休耕对土壤剖面和浅层地下水中氮累积的影响,以抚仙湖周边农田土壤剖面和浅层地下水为研究对象,分析了休耕前（2017年12月）和休耕后（2020年8月和2021年4月）农田0~100 cm土壤剖面氮累积和浅层地下水中氮浓度的变化及其两者的关系.结果表明:休耕显著降低了土壤剖面氮含量和储量,休耕后0~30、30~60和60~100 cm土壤剖面TN、ON、DTN、NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N含量分别降低18.4 %~36.5 %、16.1 %~26.8 %、54.0 %~130.2 %、59.5 %~90.8 %和60.1 %~110.6 %.休耕前0~100 cm土壤TN、ON、DTN、 NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N储量分别为（17.20 ±0.97）t·hm^-2、（15.50 ±1.23）t·hm^-2、（0.68 ±0.06）t·hm^-2、（266.8 ±31.17）kg·hm^-2和（18.7 ±3.04）kg·hm^-2,休耕后各形态氮储量分别下降了25.5 %、23.3 %、44.7 %、80.1 %和59.9 %.休耕也改变了浅层地下水中氮浓度和形态构成,休耕后地下水中TN、ON、NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N浓度分别下降了88.4 %、82.7 %、92.1 %、65.8 %,ON/TN和NH₄ ⁺-N/TN从休耕前的26 %和6 %升高至休耕后的39 %和17 %,而NO₃ ^--N/TN从休耕前的61 %降至休耕后的41 %.地下水氮浓度和形态变化与休耕前后土壤中DTN、NH₄ ⁺-N、NO₃ ^--N和地下水中pH、ORP、DO等因素密切相关.可见,休耕有效降低了农田土壤剖面氮累积,缓解了浅层地下水氮污染,有利于防止高原湖泊的水质恶化.     

典型城内过富营养湖泊沉积物和间隙水中各形态磷的相关性研究

研究了武汉市繁华市中心典型过富营养湖泊沉积物—间隙水体系磷形态的相关性。对沉积物—间隙水中磷形态的连续提取分析发现,自然粒度下,沉积物中有机质含量与沉积物中有机/细菌聚合磷存在很好的线性相关性,说明沉积物中有机质是有机/细菌聚合磷的源;沉积物中总磷决定间隙水中总溶解性磷和溶解性磷酸盐的含量,并且总磷与间隙水中总溶解性磷和溶解性磷酸盐存在很好的相关性;沉积物中Fe P和Al P分别与间隙水中的Eh和溶解性磷酸盐存在相关性,说明Eh的大小严重影响Fe P和Al P的含量,但是Fe P和Al P含量之和又主导着间隙水中溶解性磷酸盐的含量。对典型市内过富营养湖泊的沉积物－间隙水体系中形态磷的相关性研究,旨在为控制这种典型过富营养湖泊沉积物中磷向水体释放提供理论参考。     

Measuring Water Storage Fluctuations in Lake Dongting, China, by Topex/Poseidon Satellite Altimetry

Although satellite radar altimetry was developed and optimized for open oceans, it has been used to monitor variations in the level of inland water-bodies such as lakes and rivers. Here, for the first time, we have further used the altimetry-derived variation of water level for estimating the fluctuation of water storage as an addition to the present in situ water storage estimation systems to be used in remote areas and in emergency situation such as in the events flooding monitoring and for studying the effect of climate change. Lake Dongting, the second largest lake in China, influenced frequently by flooding, was, therefore, chosen to demonstrate the potential of the technique. By using the concept of an “assumed reference point”, we converted Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry data on water level variations in Lake Dongting to “water level” data. The “water level” time-series data and in situ water storage were used to establish a rating curve. From the rating curve, we converted data on “water level” derived from seven years (1993–1999) of Topex/Poseidon data to actual water storage in Lake Dongting. The result reveals that the seasonal and annual fluctuations of water storage occurred during the 1990s with a more frequent flooding at the late 1990s' especially the flooding in whole catchment level in 1998 and 1999. The study supports the usefulness of satellite altimetry for dense and continuous monitoring of the temporal variations in water dynamic in moderate to large lakes.     

环保疏浚的技术要求与环保绞刀的设计

湖泊底泥环保疏浚是消除内源性污染最快捷、最有效的方法,并为生态恢复创造条件,而环保绞刀是湖泊底泥环保疏浚的必要条件.阐述了环保疏浚的技术要求,设计了绞吸式挖泥船用环保绞刀,满足了湖泊底泥环保疏浚的需要.     

基于GIS的湖泊区域地表水环境影响评价方法

对地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）技术在地表水环境影响评价中的应用进行了系统分析,指出了应用GIS的技术优势。通过实例研究,提出了基于GIS的区域地表水环境影响评价的方法步骤。在环境监测数据的基础上,利用计算机软件ArcView对BOD5和COD两个评价参数的监测值在水域中的空间分布进行分析,绘制区域等值线,结合地表水评价标准,进行水质评价,确定不同等级水质的空间分布区域。最后对应用GIS应注意的问题进行了分析。     

洞庭湖区湿地生态功能退化与避洪,耐涝高效农业建设

地处长江中游的洞庭湖是一个承纳湘、资、沅、澧四水和吞吐长江的洪道型湖泊,在其特殊的地理环境与碟形盆地圈带状景观结构控制下,形成了以敞水带、季节性淹没带、渍水低地为主的我国最大的湖泊地区湿地景观,湿地总面积８７．７０万ｈｍ＾２。由于湖区发展过程中没有协调好人地、人湖关系,中上游干支流水土流失加剧、湖泊泥沙淤积与过度围湖垦殖、高水位地段农业布局与种植制度不合理等人为因素导致湿地面积减少、调蓄能力下降,     

古洪水研究途径及其在减灾中的作用

本文根据史料记载特点,提出了古洪水鉴别原则,并就历史洪水序列的检验、洪水发生频率的划分、洪水演变趋势的定量刻划等问题进行了讨论。     

DISSIPATION OF 2,4-D DMA AND BEE FROM WATER,MUD, AND FISH AT LAKE SEMINOLE,GEORGIA1

ABSTRACT: Four 10-ha plots in dense watermilfoil beds of Lake Seminole, Georgia, were each treated with either 2,4-D DMA or 2,4-D BEE at rates of 22.5 and 45 kg a.e./ha. Both formulations were shown to be rapidly converted to the 2,4-D acid form, with no detection of 2,4-D DMA or 2,4-D BEE in the water within less than 24 hours after treatment. The maximum detected 2,4-D concentrations in the high rate 2,4-D DMA and 2,4-D BEE plots were 3.6 and 0.68 mg/, respectively. However, all but seven samples at a 2,4-D BEE plot showed nondetectable herbicide levels by day 7, with all water samples showing nondetectable levels by day 13. Dimethylnitrosamine and 2,4-dichlorophenol, potentially toxic transformation products of the herbicide formulations, were at nondetectable levels in all water samples. Sediment samples showed no significant net accumulation of 2,4-D, 2,4-D BEE, or 2,4-dichlorophenol during the summer monitoring; dimethylnitrosamine remained at nondetectable levels. There was no accumulation of 2,4-D in fish collected from the two plots treated with 2,4-D DMA. Four of 24 game fish from the 2,4-D BEE treatment plots contained low levels of 2,4-D in muscle tissue, with a maximum value of 0.29 μg/g. In contrast, 18 of 20 gizzard shad collected from these plots through day 13 contained detectable 2,4-D in the muscle, with a maximum concentration of 6.9 μg/g. All fish collected after day 13 contained nondetectable levels of 2,4-D. Small decreases in dissolved oxygen and pH, associated with the complete watermilfoil control in all plots, had returned to normal summer values by day 28.     

ARE SHORT-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMS POSSIBLE? -THE INLAND LAKE PROJECT EXPERIENCE1

The public clamor for repair and protection of the environment from damages, real or perceived, is growing daily. People are demanding remedial programs now; they appear willing to support long-range fundamental research in environmental areas (such as eutrophication research) as long as action programs (such as lake renewal) are undertaken too. Are short-term, remedial, environmental action programs possible? The experiences of the Inland Lake Demonstration Project afford an opportunity to evaluate one kind of action-oriented response. Some special types of problems are likely to be common to any environmental-resource action program. Recognition and anticipation of these difficulties when organizing action programs should facilitate successful implementation.