淮河流域可持续发展研究的重点问题

以可持续发展的基本理论为指导 ,本研究选定淮河流域为研究的典型区域 ,试图通过对淮河流域社会、经济、资源、环境的系统分析 ,提出实现大河流域可持续发展战略的基本思路与框架     

TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOSPHORUS IN CHANNELIZED AND MEANDERING STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Comparisons were made between rates of movement of orthophosphate in a canal and a meandering stream. The meander system had greater algal and macrophyte phosphate uptake rates, and lower plankton and sediment release rates compared to the canal. Chemical precipitation and direct rainfall influences on orthophosphate movement were insignificant relative to other terms. The major source of phosphorus to both systems was from upland runoff. The impact of this source was greater on the meandering system due to the smaller channel volume. When secondary effects of meandering were considered such as marsh inundation, the net orthophosphate movement within the meandering channel was less than that for the canal; due to the lower concentrations of phosphorus in marsh effluent waters. Field experiments were conducted to compare the longitudinal dispersion coefficient between a canal and meandering river system; the meandering stream had a dispersion coefficient over 17 times that measured for the canal. Rates of orthophosphate movement were combined into a single mass transport equation, and a numerical solution was obtained. Internal river and canal channel processes were overshadowed by external point source loadings.     

加强长江流域东西部经济协作与协调发展的思考

长江流域东西部经济协作和协调发展是长江流域经济整体协调发展和西部大开发战略的重要组成部分。首先分析了长江流域东西部经济协作在政策、自然资源、产业第补性、区位等方面的潜力及突出优势、进而论述了流域东西部经济协作的现状及其存在的流域东西部地区间流通通道不畅、经济整体性差，内部联系松散、管理人才缺乏等问题，在此基础上针对性地提出现阶段流域东西协作应把合作加强基础设施建设、联合开发资源，加强生态环境保护、联手开拓市场，并对国有大中型企业进行兼并和重组、建立人才资源培训交流机制等作为协作的重要领域。同时，提出了经济协作过程中应注意的诸如协调机制的建立、流域经济协作主体的确定、政策制定及其引导、流域经济协作目标等问题。     

乌江流域梯级开发的不良环境效应

乌江流域梯级开发是我国一项较大的流域开发系统工程，20世纪60年代国家规划在乌江干流建立11个梯级电站，装机容量达834万kW。目前普定，东风和乌江渡水电站已建成，其余的正在建设或筹建中。乌江流域梯级开发在促进该流域经济发展的同时，也将带来水良环境效应。结合乌江流域的自然、社会、经济条件，从五个方面分析流域梯级开发将产生的不良环境效应，并针对这些问题，提出了相应的防治对策。     

INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE RIO GRANDE BASIN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO1

ABSTRACT. Despite radical differences in water laws, water management agencies, approaches to water planning, and financial resources, Mexico and the United States forged a common program to manage water and related land on the Rio Grande. Actions of Rio Grande Commissions related to stream gaging, boundary definition, and multiple-purpose construction projects are among the more successful international water-management efforts in the world. Cost-sharing arrangements promoted rapid completing of international works. However, joint action accomplished only part of expectations. International developments were competitive rather than complementary until basin water appropriation was virtually complete. Moreover, Commissions were not empowered to consider long-range competitive water needs, or regional water requirements, throughout the basin. International groundwater use coordination does not exist. International structures produce less than anticipated benefits. Hydroelectric generators are financial liabilities, irrigated acreage exceeds dependable streamflow, and soil salinization is experienced. Unanticipated environmental changes occurred in every major program. The Rio Grande experience points to the need for society to specify goals to which the use of water should contribute and to specify priorities for water use among different sectors of river basins and various segments of society.     

辽宁省境内老哈河流域产沙特征及泥沙供给模式研究

在对辽宁省境内老哈河流域土壤侵蚀研究的基础上,通过计算泥沙迁移时间确定了该流域基于栅格尺度的泥沙输移比的空间分布,最终获得该流域的产沙量,结果表明北部的老官地、哈拉道口、烧锅营子等地以及中南部河流两侧是流域内主要产沙源;选用坡度、植被盖度、土地利用类型、土壤可蚀性、距河流距离、基岩岩性等因子,建立了老哈河流域泥沙供给的数学模型,结果表明流域产沙主要与坡度、距河流距离、土地利用类型和植被盖度密切相关。因此,改变土地利用类型、提高植被盖度是防治流域致灾泥沙的关键因素。本研究对今后老哈河流域土地利用规划及泥沙治理具有一定的指导意义。     

模糊物元法综合评价福州市大气环境质量

大气环境质量的综合评价是城市环境质量考核的重要内容,鉴于大气环境质量评价中客观存在的不确定性和模糊性,将熵值理论与模糊物元分析法相结合应用于大气环境质量综合评价中,可有效解决这种不确定性和模糊性。应用该模型对福州市的大气环境质量进行综合评价,将评价结果与属性识别理论模型的评价结果相比较,二者基本吻合,结果证明该方法可行。     

黄河流域土壤侵蚀潜在风险及其转化分析

作者在前期研究中,基于流域最小图斑的划分,提出了土壤侵蚀快速评估方法,并在黄河流域的应用中取得了较满意的效果。论文以黄河流域土壤侵蚀强度的评估结果为基础,评估了流域土壤侵蚀的脆弱性。以抗侵蚀年限表征流域土壤侵蚀潜在危险度,结合土壤侵蚀脆弱性分析了流域土壤侵蚀潜在风险。通过与土壤侵蚀强度的对比,指出在流域水土保持和生态保护中,同时考虑土壤侵蚀强度和水土流失潜在风险才能作出更合理的决策。最后,分析了黄河流域中游土壤侵蚀风险向下游洪水风险的转化关系,指出黄河中游高产沙区土壤侵蚀风险转化为下游更高的洪水风险,在泥沙灾害研究中应关注灾害的链式反应。     

福州环城游憩带旅游地类型与空间结构特征

文章对福州环城游憩带旅游地类型与空间结构特征进行研究。以福州除晋安区、鼓楼区、台江区、仓山区、马尾区五区外的闽侯县、福清市、平潭县、长乐市、永泰县、闽清县、罗原县、连江县八县111处景点作为研究样本。采用旅游地资源属性和旅游活动性质交叉组合的复合分类法对旅游地进行分类,根据福州环城游憩带旅游地的实际情况,可以将福州环城游憩带旅游地归并为3种类型。运用数据库、网络测距等技术手段,将111处旅游地的大量数据进行了旅游地分类统计、城市中心距离等旅游计量研究。从而得出福州环城游憩带旅游地类型与空间结构特征。     

未来50年鄱阳湖流域气候变化预估

据 ECHAM5/ MPI OM模式在3种排放情景（SRES高排放A2,中排放A1B,低排放B1）下所做的21世纪前50年气候变化预估试验得到的数据,研究鄱阳湖流域2001~2050年气温和降水相对于目前气候（1961~1990年）的可能变化。结果表明：①未来50年气温在3种排放情景下都将迅速增加,远远高于1990s的增加幅度和速度。A1B情景温度增加最明显,平均气温变化达到162°C。②降水量变化相对复杂,前30年主要为减少趋势,A2情景下减少幅度最大,2020s年均降水量减少了67%;后20年降水量增加,B1情景增加最显著,2030s年增加幅度达到108%。③根据预估的各季节变化结果,1~3月和 4~6月降水量增加;而降水减少主要在7~9月和10~12月,则赣江流域类似于2003~2005年的伏旱、秋旱连冬旱的情况将可能阶段性出现,并在2011~2030年加强。④降水量的空间分异非常明显,东部变化大于西部,南部变化大于北部。⑤如果2001~2050年在A2或A1B情景下,降水序列存在20a的周期振荡;在B1情景下,存在30a的周期振荡。人类排放增加可能弱化振荡强度,并使周期发生变化。