福州市区街道灰尘中多环芳烃的质量分数及其来源

采用超高效液相色谱系统(UPLC)荧光检测器法,测定了福州市区14条主要街道灰尘样品中属美国环境保护署(US EPA)优控的15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量分数,对其毒性进行了评估,并通过聚类分析、因子分析/多元线性回归等方法,分析了灰尘中PAHs的来源. 结果表明:福州市区的w(PAHs)为1 029.5～5 182.0 μg/kg,平均值为2 884.7 μg/kg,在国内外城市中处于中等含量水平. 14个街道灰尘样品中有5个样品的w(PAHs)超过毒性效应区间低值(ERL),具有潜在的生态风险. 聚类分析发现,4号,5号,7号和12号采样点分别具有高比例的w(菲),w(苯并［b］荧蒽),w(荧蒽)和w(萘)的特殊来源.对样品中PAHs的来源解析显示,燃烧源占78%,石油泄漏源占22%.      

华北平原冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原冬小麦种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,本研究对前人的试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮和土壤氮三者之间的关系,探索冬小麦季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况.结果表明:华北平原冬小麦当季化肥氮的吸收量随施氮量的增加而升高,对土壤氮素的吸收随施氮量的增加而降低;在秸秆50%还田和100%还田两种情况下,土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间均呈线性极显著正相关,且土壤氮库达到平衡时的施氮量分别是 N 192和166 kg·hm-2;冬小麦对氮肥的吸收利用率推荐施氮远高于传统施氮,过量施氮不仅不会提高作物产量,还会降低氮肥利用率,增加土壤残留和损失;3种秸秆处理方式下的冬小麦氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间均呈显著线性相关关系,秸秆不还田条件下的地上部吸收率、秸秆吸收率和秸秆50%还田下的地上部吸收率及秸秆100%还田下的0~100 cm土壤残留率均与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间呈显著相关关系.     

不同生态系统管理情景下资源环境承载力动态仿真研究

环境问题与社会经济发展关系机理错综复杂,研究环境承载力状态对实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义.基于资源环境复合系统原理,构建"经济-资源-环境"系统动力学模型,通过生态系统评估的4种情景时间序列动态仿真,探索经济社会发展的优化方案.结果表明：全球协同和技术家园更适合福州市自身发展需求,为保持福州市经济发展的可持续性,应优先选用全球协同发展模式,后期可逐步向技术家园发展模式转变.福州市作为生态文明思想重要实践地,在提高经济发展水平的同时,需更好地保护生态环境,实现经济-资源-环境协同发展.研究结果在一定程度上可为经济社会发展模式提供科学依据.     

COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT1

Flooding and the susceptibility to flood damage inherent in all land uses constitute the flood hazard. Resolution of the hazard while properly recognizing flood plain environmental attributes within the context of overall community or area needs is the essence of comprehensive flood plain management. The traditional approach–flood control–has effected modification of only the flooding component of the hazard whether it be coastal or inland. Until recently Federal programs have overlooked the possibilities of modifying the susceptibility component, for which the major responsibility lies with non-Federal interests. Beginning with actions in the TVA area, the latter is now being strongly encouraged through Federal programs and actions notably the Flood Plain Management Services and Survey Programs of the Corps of Engineers, those stemming from Executive Order 11296, and those required for eligibility under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. Flood plain management objectives must be stated in planning, e.g., economic efficiency, reduction in threat to life and health, environmental improvement, and regional development, to permit proper evaluation of the optional means and approaches for achieving them.     

ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD PLAIN MAPPING1

ABSTRACT: Components contributing to uncertainty in the location of the flood plain fringe of a mapped flood plain are identified and examined to determine their relative importance. First-order uncertainty analysis is used to provide a procedure for quantifying the magnitude of uncertainty in the location of the flood plain fringe. Application of the procedure indicated that one standard deviation of uncertainty in flood plain inundation width was about one third of the mean computed inundation width for several flood population-flood geometry combinations. Suggested mapping criteria, which directly incorporate uncertainty estimates, are given. While these criteria are more suitable for use in developing areas than in flood plains that have had extensive development, the analysis procedure can be used to accommodate property owners who challenge the validity of estimated flood fringe boundaries. Use of uncertainty analysis in flood plain mapping should enhance the credibility of the final plan.     

THE EFFECT OF FLOOD PLAIN LOCATION ON PROPERTY VALUES: THREE TOWNS IN NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY1

ABSTRACT: The persistence of development and settlement in flood plains and continued damages from flooding, raises the question of how property owners respond to flood plain location and whether property values reflect this response. Existing studies disagree on the significance of flood hazard for property values. This study evaluates the effect of flood plain location on assessed valuation and home value in three towns in New Jersey. A t-test on mean assessed value and value of owner-occupied units at block levels showed no statistically significant variation for flood prone and nonflood prone lands. Possible explanations are that homeowners do not know or perceive the risk of living in flood plains, assessors do not incorporate flooding into assessment criteria, and the National Flood Insurance Program subsidies and broadened financial markets may equalize property values.     

秦岭─黄淮平原交界带近五百年的旱涝研究

本文根据旱涝史料及现代观测资料，运用旱涝等级评定法和农田水分平衡法，对秦岭─黄淮平原交界带自１４７０～１９８０年逐年的旱涝状况进行了评定，重建了秦岭─黄淮平原交界带１４７０～１９８０年近５００ａ的旱涝等级序列，在此基础上讨论了旱涝发生的基本规律。运用山地─平原交界带气候边际效应的观点，探讨了山地─平原交界带气候边际效应与旱涝的关系．     

Mathematical Model on Flow Regime and Water Harvesting in Inundation Plains1

Abstract: A mathematical model on flow regime and water harvesting in inundation plains is presented. The flow profile is a free over‐fall at the end of the desired inundation. The flow front in the plain is on‐line for the entire coverage, in a sense that there is initiation of flow mass after each small reach of the flow traverse, and it is continuing to the extreme point of coverage. The water‐harvesting phenomenon depends upon the occurrences of the hydrologic events, the nature of surface flows in the valley, the expected favorable time of flood incidence, and the soil characteristics of the plains. The model has been tested for three micro‐watersheds of different soil characteristics. It is best suited to platykurtic nature of flood phenomenon in the study area, with the correlation co‐efficient in‐between computed and observed amount of water harvesting above 0.90.     

利用改进的属性识别理论模型评价大气环境质量

阐述了一种改进的属性识别方法,针对属性识别理论模型中置信度λ取值的主观性,提出了灰色接近度的概念,通过计算样品属性测度与理想模式属性测度之间灰色接近度的大小,判断样品所属类别。根据GB3095—1996《大气环境质量标准》,运用此模型对福州市2001—2008年的大气环境质量进行评价。     

三江平原湿地的生态保护与修复

三江平原是中国最大的平原沼泽分布区,从二十世纪七十年代中后期国家开始对三江平原进行多次大规模的开垦,这些开垦基本上是天然湿地,从而导致了土地退化和生态环境恶化,使湿地的面积不但减少,其功能不断退化,引起一系列生态环境问题。因此,积极采取措施保护现有的湿地,开展受损湿地的生态恢复,战缓和消除导致温地退化因素的影响,实现三江平原湿地资源的可持续利用、人与自然和谐相处,是湿地生态保护和修复的目标。