小溪港浮游植物群落特征及水质评价

2012—2013年于春、夏、秋、冬四季对小溪港进行4次水环境质量调查,利用种类组成、种群数量、优势种、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和SI(污生指数)等指标分析小溪港浮游植物群落特征,并对小溪港水环境质量状况进行评价. 结果表明:小溪港浮游植物共8门51种,其中绿藻门的种类数最多,共26种,占总种数的50.98%;其次为硅藻门,共9种,占17.65%;蓝藻门5种,占9.80%. 浮游植物数量年均值为184.16×104 L-1,主要为蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门;峰值出现在夏季,为292.43×104 L-1,之后为春、秋和冬季. 小溪港的优势种共4门7种,分别为蓝藻门的微囊藻(Microcystis spp.),绿藻门的星芒衣藻(Chlamydomonas stellata)、丝藻(Planctonema sp.)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris),硅藻门的小环藻(Cyclotella spp.),隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta). Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显示出明显的季节变化规律,其年均值分别为1.81、1.55、0.51;SI年均值为2.44. 总体上,小溪港水质污染状况为中污染.      

福州鼓山茶园不同生境空气负离子浓度及其影响因子

为研究福州市鼓山茶园不同生境空气负离子浓度空间分布规律以及空气负离子与其环境因子的关系,以茶园内7种生境作为研究对象,对各生境空气负离子浓度及环境因子进行测定。结果表明,茶园内7种生境空气负离子浓度由高到低为乔木群落高海拔茶园池塘有机茶园草地空地常规茶园,其平均负离子浓度分别为924、892、770、761、754、617、601个/cm3;在观测高度范围内(50~150cm),空气负离子浓度大致存在随海拔高度升高而增加的趋势,且150cm高度处空气负离子浓度显著大于50cm高度;各生境空气负离子与相对湿度呈极显著正相关关系,与温度、风速、气压及海拔相关性不显著;鼓山茶园空气质量总体较为清洁,各生境空气质量评价系数CI均在0.50以上,且空气质量评价系数CI值大致存在随海拔高度而增加的趋势。     

Comprehensive health condition assessment on partial sewers in a southern Chinese city based on fuzzy mathematic methods

A self-developed sewer health assessment system using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytical hierarchy process was applied to give a comprehensive health condition evaluation on part of the local sewers in a southern Chinese city based on the sewer video data collected by a sewer inspection closed circuit television （CCTV） robot. Aside from the overall condition evaluation, the structure, function, and stability status of the sewer were also analyzed using the method. A comprehensive index H was proposed to give the overall health condition of pipes with different defects, and Ht, Hs, and If were used to quantify the defects affecting the tightness, stability, and function of the pipe, respectively. Results show that 48% of the inspected pipes were in good condition （0〈H〈0.25）, and about 33% of the sewer pipes analyzed were categorized to be at severe or urgent condition levels （H 〉 0.5）, although most of the pipes were installed only within five years. Frequent sedimentation affects the function of the sewer, and deformation and joint damage affect the structure of the sewer.     

Continuous performance assessment and improvement of integrated HSE and maintenance systems by multivariate analysis in gas transmission units

In this study, an integrated “Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE)” and maintenance systems are presented. Multivariate analysis is used for continuous performance assessment and improvement of these systems. The two subjects of “Maintenance System” and “HSE” have been individually investigated several times in different studies. However, few studies have been done to integrate these two systems and provide an integrated system for their implementation. This study evaluates current maintenance and HSE systems of a Gas Transmission Unit by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Moreover, decision making units (DMUs) are examined and ranked. Employees are considered as DMUs. This is done through investigating and measuring their efficiencies and identifying the inefficient and less-efficient units. Since an increase in the number of inputs does not lead to an increase in the number of outputs with the same scale, an output-oriented DEA with a Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) is used. The Fuzzy DEA (FDEA) is also used in this research to decrease uncertainty existing in qualitative indicators and human error. Finally, suggestions are given to improve those DMUs. The managers and employees of the gas transmission unit constitute the statistical population of the study. To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSE and Maintenance system are completed by operators. The proposed approach would help policy makers and top managers of Gas Transmission Company to have a more comprehensive and thorough understanding the working conditions with respect to the maintenance and HSE features.     

Optimization of HSE in maintenance activities by integration of continuous improvement cycle and fuzzy multivariate approach: A gas refinery

Gas refineries have been continuously focusing on Health, Safety and Environment programs to improve maintenance activities. Several researches have studied on this area with different analysis methods. This study presents an integrated approach for optimization of factors contributing to the implementation of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) in maintenance activities. HSE managers in each sector answered standard questionnaire whit respect to HES. The methodology is based on fuzzy data envelopment analysis (FDEA) and Deming's continuous improvement cycle. Also, this method is used to rank the relevant performance efficiencies in certain and uncertain conditions of each HSE sectors whit considering HSE in maintenance activities. It corresponds and integrates its registered HSE-MS with OHSAS 18001:2007 and ISO 14001:2004 to evaluate multiple inputs and outputs of over 36 subsidiary HSE divisions with parallel mission and objectives simultaneously. Also, it determines efficient target indices and could assure continuous improvement in the organization. This is the first study that introduces an integrated approach to improve HSE management programs in a gas refinery by a robust and continuous improvement approach.     

Fuzzy optimization of multi-period carbon capture and storage systems with parametric uncertainties

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important technology option for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions. In practice, CO₂ sources are easy to characterize, while the estimation of relevant properties of storage sites, such as capacity and injection rate limit (i.e., injectivity), is subject to considerable uncertainty. Such uncertainties need to be accounted for in planning CCS deployment on a large scale for effective use of available storage sites. In particular, the uncertainty introduces technical risks that may result from overestimating the limits of given storage sites. In this work, a fuzzy mixed integer linear program (FMILP) is developed for multi-period CCS systems, accounting for the technical risk arising from uncertainties in estimates of sink parameters, while still attaining satisfactory CO₂ emissions reduction. In the model, sources are assumed to have precisely known CO₂ flow rates and operating lives, while geological sinks are characterized with imprecise fuzzy capacity and injectivity data. Three case studies are then presented to illustrate the model. Results of these examples illustrate the tradeoff inherent in planning CCS systems under parametric uncertainty.     

两种垃圾焚烧炉灰渣的重金属成分与放射性检测

对8种重金属As、Hg、Mn、Cr、Cu、Cd、Co、Ni和Pb在两种垃圾焚烧炉灰渣中的浓度分布,浸出毒性及放射性进行检测.样品(炉渣和飞灰)分别取自北京(循环流化床焚烧炉CFBI)和深圳(炉排焚烧炉)两台不同燃烧方式的垃圾焚烧炉.研究表明,CFBI炉渣及飞灰中的重金属As、Mn、Cu、Cd、Co含量在炉渣中含量最低,中灰次之,飞灰中含量最高.重金属Hg在炉渣和飞灰中的含量相当,在中灰中的含量最低;Cr和Ni在炉渣中的含量也偏高,在中灰和飞灰中的含量相当Pb含量依中灰、炉渣和飞灰的顺序逐渐升高.浸出毒性检测结果显示,循环流化床垃圾焚烧后炉渣及飞灰中的重金属浸出毒性远低于国家标准1～2个量级,重金属总体排放量较低.炉排炉垃圾焚烧的炉渣及飞灰中的重金属含量却高很多,尤其是Cr、Pb、Cd和Cu.放射性检测结果表明,两种焚烧所产生的灰渣放射性均低于国家标准.在排放时无需作任何放射性方面的处理.最后,对焚烧灰渣的稳定化技术进行了讨论.     

环氧乙烷生产装置的安全分析与评价

综合运用道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法,事故树分析以及事件树分析对环氧乙烷生产装置进行安全评价,定量地得出装置的危险程度,定性地分析了各危险因素的大小以及系统中各元件的故障率对事故发生概率的影响程度,并提出了改进措施.结果表明,该装置的危险程度很大,必须加强安全生产管理,采取有效措施控制氧气的浓度,从而降低危险性等级,保证生产安全.     

巴东文家滑坡岩土体物理力学性质分析评价

依据文家滑坡的地质勘查成果,对其滑体、滑带、滑床等岩土体物理力学性质,特别对C、φ值的取定进行了分析评价,力求为滑坡稳定性分析及后期防治工程设计提供科学合理的依据.     

江苏省沿江地区农用地资源质量评价研究

采用农用地分等中的自然质量分值的计算方法,以实现对地理范围较大,内部自然、经济、社会条件差异较为明显的江苏省沿江地区的农用地资源质量的合理评价。评价结果为：地处宁镇扬丘陵区的该区西部地区农用地的质量复杂多变,各种级别的农用地均有分布且面积比例相差不大;地处太湖平原区的该区南部地区农用地的质量优越;而该区北部地区农用地质量东西两翼较好,中部较差。根据评价结果,本文从挖掘农用地生产潜力,综合开发利用土地后备资源,提高非农用地经济产出能力,完善农用地与非农用地转换价格约束机制及发展循环产业经济,污染排放源头控制与生产过程中治理相结合等几个方面提出了江苏省沿江地区耕地、生态环境保护与经济协调发展的建议。