Spatial distribution of hexazinone and metabolites in a luvisolic soil

Abstract

The spatial distribution of hexazinone and two primary metabolites were measured in forest soil for two years following the aerial application of a granular formulation, PRONONE 10G, in northern Alberta. Residues were quantified using solid‐phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography. Initial deposition rates of two hexazinone treatments averaged 2.3 ± 0.5 and 4.1 ± 0.8 kg/ha for each triplicated plots. One year after application, residues of hexazinone averaged 0.25 ± 0.09 and 0.40 ± 0.02 kg/ha in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment, respectively, in the 0–10 cm surface soil; and were distributed vertically in soil depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm at ratios of 10:11:2 and 10:5:2, respectively, in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment. Metabolites A and B amounted to 15 and 30% of hexazinone, respectively. Two years after application, the vertical movement of hexazinone in soil was quantifiable to the 40‐cm depth in both 2.3‐ and 4.1‐kg/ha treatment plots. Trace amounts of hexazinone were detected at 130 cm only in the 2.3‐kg/ha plot, which is likely due to the more freely downward movement of hexazinone to deeper horizons along decayed root channels.     

Effects of DDT and piperonyl butoxide on the metabolic alterations in pigeon (columba livia)

Abstract

Effect of acute doses of technical grade of dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT) and piperonyl butoxide (PB) on hepatic micro‐somal cytochrome P₄₅₀ (Cyt. P450) and cytosolic glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity in pigeon were studied after 24 hours of treatment. A completely reverse trend of changes in Cyt. P450 and GST activity were found as increase in Cyt. ?450 paralleled with decrease in GST activity following exposure to DDT. However, intensity of changes in Cyt. P450 was greater than that of GST. A dose dependent decrease in Cyt. ?450 and GST activity was observed after PB treatment. The study may, therefore, throw some light on metabolic alterations in wild birds resulting from environmental pollution by DDT and allied chemicals.     

远程无线视频监控系统设计

该文设计了一种基于3G的无线视频监控系统.论述了系统的基本组成及相关工作原理.重点对系统应用的关键技术进行了详细分析.该系统具有压缩比高、布线灵活、经济高效的特点.系统能实现复杂环境下的视频监控.     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

电-Fenton法降解青霉素的动力学研究

采用电-Fenton法处理青霉素钠(Penicillin G sodium, PGN)模拟废水,当T=20℃,pH=3时,投加0.5g·l-1 FeSO4和0.2ml·l-1 H2O2,在0.6A电流下降解青霉素钠废水(100 mg·l-1), 20min后青霉素钠去除率为79%,40min后去除率为95%.拟合实验数据得到青霉素钠降解反应的速率方程式为:-d[PGN]/dt=2.35×106 exp(-32869.4/RT )[Fe2 ]0.53[H2O2]0.8[PGN]1.14反应速率常数和反应级数表明,初始阶段降解反应进行非常迅速,且H2O2浓度比Fe2 浓度对电-Fenton降解反应的影响重要.     

催化荧光法测定环境水样中痕量铬(VI)

研究了在HAC－NaAC介质中,痕量铬（VI）催化过氧化氢氧化罗丹明6G的褪色反应及其动力学条件,建立了催化荧光测定痕量铬（VI）的新方法。催化反应在沸水浴中进行15min,为假零级反应。方法的检出限为2．1×10－9g／mL,线性范围为0．2～2．5μg／25mL。将该法用于环境水样中痕量铬（VI）的测定,结果良好。     

An Approach for Recreation Suitability Analysis to Recreation Planning in Gölcük Nature Park

Gölcük Nature Park (GNP) is an area protected by law in Turkey. It is an important nature park with rich flora, fauna, geomorphologic forms, landscape features, and recreational potential in the region. However, GNP does not have a recreation management plan. The purpose of this study was to determine the actual natural, cultural, and visual resources of GNP, determine the most suitable recreational sites with multiple factors, evaluate the demands and tendencies of visitors, and suggest recreational activities and facilities for the most suitable sites of GNP. However, it was also conceived as leading to a recreational plan and design of GNP in the future and identifying the entire appropriate and current data of GNP with the creation of various maps. This study used multifactor analysis to determine the most suitable recreation sites of GNP. Used recreation factors were established including degree of slope, proximity to water resources, accessibility, elevation, vegetation, soil, climate, aspect, current cultural facilities, visual values, and some limiting factors in accordance with the characteristics of GNP. Weighting and suitability values of factors were determined by 30 local expert surveys. All obtained data were evaluated and integrated in the Geographical Information Systems base. Obtained maps were overlapped. Thus, recreational suitability zones map were created manually. However, the demands and behaviours from visitor surveys in GNP were focused on the most suitable recreation sites of the park. Finally, 10% of GNP was identified as the most suitable sites for recreational use. Various recreational facilities and activities (including picnicking, sports facilities and playgrounds, camping sites, walking paths, food and local outlets, etc.) were recommended for nine of the most suitable areas on the proposed recreational map.     

Is gold a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements?

This paper assesses the role of gold as a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements. We use an approach based on copulas to analyse the dependence structure between these two markets. Empirical evidence for weekly data from January 2000 to September 2011 revealed the following: (a) there is positive and significant average dependence between gold and oil, which would indicate that gold cannot hedge against oil price movements; and (b) there is tail independence between the two markets, indicating that gold can act as an effective safe haven against extreme oil price movements. These results are useful for both portfolio risk managers and designers of policies aimed at using gold to preserve or stabilise oil exporter purchasing power.     

顾及空间自相关性的高分遥感影像中建设用地的变化检测

在中国城市化的进程中,建设用地常常连片分布,其开发在空间上具有明显的聚集性,表现出较强的空间自相关性,这在高空间分辨率的遥感图像中更加明显。基于2016年、2017年两期南京市域内的北京2号3.2 m多光谱遥感图像,对比分析了引入变化向量的空间自相关指数作为图像特征后建设用地遥感变化检测的性能。首先提取遥感图像光谱变化向量的局部G指数、Moran's I和Geary's C三个典型空间自相关指数,然后确定适用于变化检测的最优空间间隔（Lag）范围和最优自相关指数。结果表明：（1）光谱变化向量在空间上具有显著的正相关性。（2）全局Moran's I和半方差函数相结合可以确定最优的Lag范围。（3）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入局部G指数和局部Moran's I能够提高检测精度,F1分数表明前者优于后者。（4）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入最优Lag范围内的局部G指数作为附加图像特征,F1分数比只使用光谱变化向量提高了20%以上。融合空间自相关信息,特别是多尺度局部G指数作为遥感图像特征可有效地提高连片区域建设用地的变化检测精度。     

Characteristics and source attribution of PM2.5 during 2016 G20 Summit in Hangzhou: Efficacy of radical measures to reduce source emissions

A field campaign was conducted to study the PM_2.5 and atmospheric gases and aerosol's components to evaluate the efficacy of radical measures implemented by the Chinese government to improve air quality during the 2016 G20 Summit in Hangzhou China. The lower level of PM_2.5 (32.48 ± 11.03 µg/m³) observed during the control period compared to pre-control and post-control periods showed that PM_2.5 was alleviated by control policies. Based on the mass concentrations of particulate components, the emissions of PM_2.5 from local sources including fossil fuel, coal combustion, industry and construction were effectively reduced, but non-exhaust emission was not reduced as effectively as expected. The accumulation of SNA (SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, NH₄⁺) was observed during the control period, due to the favourable synoptic weather conditions for photochemical reactions and heterogeneous hydrolysis. Because of transboundary transport during the control period, air masses from remote areas contributed significantly to local PM_2.5. Although, secondary organic carbon (OC_sec) exhibited more sensitivity than primary organic carbon (OC_pri) to control measures, and the increased nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) implied the regional transport of aged secondary aerosols to the study area. Overall, the results from various approaches revealed that local pollution sources were kept under control, indicating that the implementation of mitigation measures were helpful in improving the air quality of Hangzhou during G20 summit. To reduce ambient levels of PM_2.5 further in Hangzhou, regional control policies may have to be taken so as to reduce the impact of long-range transport of air masses from inland China.