原油污染土壤的颗粒活性炭增强微波热修复研究

利用微波加热技术的加热速度快、内外同时加热及选择性加热特点,快速修复原油污染土壤并将污染油有效回收.在污染土壤中加入一定量的强微波吸收体——颗粒活性炭,提高土壤体系利用微波的能力,使土壤在微波场中加热到较高温度,从而去除污染油并将其在冷凝装置中冷凝回收.考察了相关参数对修复效果的影响及污染油的回收情况.结果表明,在颗粒活性炭剂量(质量分数)为10.0%、微波功率为800 W、系统压力为0.08 MPa、载气流速为150 mL·min^-1条件下,该修复方法可在15 min内将土壤中污染油去除99%以上;同时将91%左右的污染油回收,与初始污染油相比,回收油的化学组成没有明显变化.此外,研究结果显示,颗粒活性炭可重复用于增强微波热修复污染土壤且重复使用中其增强能力基本不变.     

基于集合均方根滤波的太湖叶绿素a浓度估算与预测

叶绿素a浓度作为表征水质状况的重要参数之一,反映了水体富营养化程度和藻类含量,是决定水体的反射光谱特征的重要因素,也是水质遥感领域研究较多的一项水质参数.研究叶绿素a浓度的遥感定量反演可以为湖泊水质监测与评价提供新的思路和方法.本研究发展了一个基于集合均方根滤波和风生流的污染物扩散模型的数据同化方案,并结合2010年5月20日的太湖3个浮标观测站点的观测数据进行了同化实验.首先对太湖叶绿素a浓度进行同化估算,然后利用优化后的估算结果对太湖叶绿素a浓度进行了为期6 h的预报.在同化阶段,均方根误差分别从1.58、1.025、2.76降低到了0.465、0.276、1.01,平均相对误差也从0.2降低到了0.05、0.046、0.069.在预报阶段,均方根误差从1.486、1.143、2.38降低到了0.017、0.147、0.23,平均相对误差也从0.2降低到了0.002、0.025、0.019.结果表明,利用集合均方根滤波的数据同化方法可以有效地提高太湖叶绿素a浓度的估算与预报精度.     

臭氧组合工艺去除饮用水源水中有机物的效果

研究由臭氧氧化、生物处理、常规处理和活性炭吸附组成的臭氧组合工艺以及各单元工艺对饮用水源水中有机物的去除效果 .结果表明 ,由于预臭氧对有机物的氧化 ,减小了有机物的分子量 ,增加了可生物降解的有机物 ,从而强化了后续的生物处理和活性炭对有机物的去除 .整个工艺对有机物的控制能力很好 ,UV2 54、DOC、BDOC、AOC、THMFP和 HAAFP的去除率分别达到 95.1%、92.5%、98.4%、85.8%、63.1 %和 89.1% .预臭氧-生物陶粒的预处理对各有机物的去除效果在 50%左右 ,常规处理对各有机物的去除不尽相同 ,后臭氧 -活性炭对有机物的去除达到了 60 %左右 .     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from clinical waste incineration

Since the introduction of the Environmental Protection Act in the UK, there are few reports of PAH emissions from clinical waste incinerators (CWIs) operating to improved performance standards. The main aim of this study is to determine PAH emissions from a state-of-the-art CWI focusing on the effects of reactive gases and operating variables on emissions. This was carried out by collection of stack samples over three phases of operation.

At stack conditions, most PAHs are predicted to be in the vapour phase. Reactive losses of PAHs were closely correlated by rank with expected reactivities from laboratory studies. Estimates of emissions incorporating sampling losses were derived, although no correlation was found between PAH losses and the modest levels of reactive stack gases. PAH concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude lower than earlier reports from incinerators without effective air pollution control equipment (APCE). The low levels of carbon monoxide recorded were not correlated with any PAHs.

This study demonstrates the impact of efficient combustion conditions and APCE on PAH emissions from a CWI.     

响应面法优化袋式除尘器脉冲清灰性能

基于计算流体动力学的方法采用三维、可压缩、非稳态流动数学模型对袋式除尘器脉冲清灰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了滤袋内外压差,并与文献实验值进行了比较,验证了仿真模型的可靠性。基于响应面法研究了喷吹压力、喷吹高度、滤袋直径和滤袋长度对脉冲清灰性能的影响,得到这4个影响因子的二次多项式预测模型,并进行优化。结果表明,喷吹压力为0.3 MPa,喷吹高度为0.2 m,滤袋直径为0.16 m,滤袋长度为6 m时,内外压差峰值最优,优化结果与仿真模拟结果相差小于3%。研究结果为袋式除尘器脉冲清灰系统的设计与优化提供了重要参考。     

活性炭吸附苯酚及其超声波再生效果

研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对苯酚的吸附能力,确定GAC的吸附平衡时间,探讨超声波再生吸附苯酚活性炭的影响因素。实验结果表明:6 h后GAC吸附100 mL浓度为250 mg/L的苯酚水样达到平衡,最大平衡吸附量为16.24 mg/g,去除率为70.5%。再生条件为再生液温度30℃,超声再生时间20 min,解析液为0.25 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,此时GAC再生效果为86.1%。     

Evaluate HAA removal in biologically active carbon filters using the ICR database

The effects of biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration on haloacetic acid (HAA) levels in plant effluents and distribution systems were investigated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Information Collection Rule (ICR) database. The results showed that average HAA5 concentrations in all locations were 20.4 μg·L^-1 and 29.6 μg·L^-1 in ICR plants with granular activated carbon (GAC) and ICR plants without GAC process, respectively. For plants without GAC, the highest HAA levels were observed in the quarters of April to June and July to September. However, for plants with GAC, the highest HAA levels were observed in the quarters of April to June and January to March. This HAA level profile inversely correlated well with water temperature, or biologic activity. For GAC plants, simulated distribution samples matched well with distribution system equivalent samples for Cl₃AA and THMs. For plants with and without GAC, simulated distribution samples overestimated readily biodegradable HAAs in distribution systems. The study indicated that through HAA biodegradation, GAC process plays an important role in lowering HAA levels in finished drinking water.     

An approach for restoration of the water quality with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers

This work deals with an approach for the water quality restoration with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers, causing influence on the management of the central-regional aqueduct, as a source of water supply for human consumption (4 million people) and industrial production in the states of Carabobo, Cojedes and Aragua, Venezuela, testing the phytoremediation techniques through Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ) species and coupled bioreactors, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) followed by an Upflow Anaerobic Filter in Three Separate Stages (UAF-3SS). Five rivers are involved known as Chirgua, Paito Guacara, Ereigüe, and Tucutunemo, whose waters have been classified as hypereutrophic, and containing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). As a sample, for Tucutunemo River, OCPs included to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its isomers and DRINs (Aldrin, Endrin and Dieldrin) dissolved in water and sorbed on sediments, which were measured during the dry and rainy seasons in the period 2013 to 2016, in three monitoring stations distributed in a reach of 15 km. The results indicated that p.p′-DDT concentration dissolved in water was increased up to 10 times from rainy to dry seasons, indicating that a permanent use of it is being carried out by farmers in the agricultural activity development. Steady concentrations of the DTT isomers (e.g., p.p′-DDD and p.p′-DDE) and Aldrin isomers (e.g., Dieldrin) demonstrated that the anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation processes occurred along the river and between climatic seasons. At experimental scale, VZ hydroponic system developed over a period of 6 months for the removal of nutrients demonstrated moderately low to high removal efficiencies. With respect coupled bioreactors, each bioreactor has been experimentally tested, demonstrating satisfactory performance in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal from industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant and inhibitory substances (46%–98%), which was estimated in the influent ranging from 3500 to 5500 mg/L, evidencing that coupling of bioreactors might lead to a effluent COD complying with environmental regulations.     

Ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate by bimetallic Fe-Co/GAC catalyst for the degradation of Acid Orange 7 in water

Bimetallic Fe-Co/GAC （granular activated carbon） was prepared and used as heterogeneous catalyst in the ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate （PS, S2O8 2-） process. The effect of initial pH, PS concentration, catalyst addition and stirring rate on the decolorization of Acid Orange 7 （AO7） was investigated. The results showed that the decolorization efficiency increased with an increase in PS concentration from 0.3 to 0.5 g/L and an increase in catalyst amount from 0.5 to 0.8 g/L. But further increase in PS concentration and catalyst addition would result in an unpronounced increase in decolorization efficiency. In the range of 300 to 900 r/min, stirring rate had little effect on AO7 decolorization. The catalyst stability was evaluated by measuring decolorization efficiency for four successive cycles.     

Estimation of fecal Coliform removal from domestic sewage in two sand filter column systems

The objective of the present research is to compare fecal coliform removal from two different sand column systems treating septic tank effluent over a range of hydraulic loading rates. Drain time measurements were performed to compare the hydraulic characteristic of the column systems at different hydraulic loading rates. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH were also measured for the septic tank effluent. A removal of the order of 99% for fecal coliform, TSS, and BOD in column effluent was achieved using the sand filter columns. The ‘break‐in’ period for determining the effectiveness of the sand filter columns is also discussed.