GB/T 28001-2011新版标准核心要素的理解

GB/T 28000《职业健康安全管理体系》系列标准于2012年开始正式实施,新版标准中对术语、定义和核心要素内容进行了大量的修订,正确地理解和贯彻标准核心要素是应用标准进行企业职业健康安全管理的根本所在,对预防和降低风险,确保职业健康安全管理体系的有效运行有着十分重要的意义.为使组织满足新版标准要求,本文对GB/T 28001-2011《职业健康安全管理体系要求》中核心要素——4.3.1危险源辨识、风险评价和控制措施的确定在内容上进行对比分析,并结合作者在实际工作中的案例和相关的法律法规和其他要求进行阐述,在此基础上对4.3.1要素进行理解,可以使组织对新标准的掌握和应用达到事半功倍的效果.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对河口底泥中重金属的淋滤效果

从天津某铁厂附近排污河的酸性底泥中成功分离出氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,对其形态特征和DNA序列进行了鉴定。运用生物淋滤技术对河口底泥中重金属进行了淋滤实验研究。结果表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌能够较快速启动生物淋滤,且接种该菌株进行底泥生物淋滤可有效溶出底泥中重金属。最佳淋滤条件为:Fe SO4·7H2O添加量为7 g/L,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的接种量为15%,硫粉添加量为3 g/L,污泥浓度为10%,温度为30℃和硫粉为3 g/L。在最佳淋滤条件下,底泥中Cu、Zn和Hg的去除率分别达到80.6%、63.9%和82.5%。     

影响悬浮颗粒物吸收系数测量的相关因素研究

水体悬浮颗粒物吸收系数是水色遥感研究中的关键参数之一,为研究不同因素对吸收系数测量结果的影响,分别采用透射法(T法)、透射反射法(T-R法)和吸收法(A法)测量颗粒物吸收系数.结果表明,A法在测量悬浮颗粒物吸收系数时受滤膜差异性、滤膜含水量以及滤膜颗粒物分布不均匀等因素的影响较小,测量精度较高.对不同测量方法的光程放大因子的研究结果表明,不同测量方法,不同颗粒物富集量会有不同的光程放大因子.采用线性拟合的方法求得A法、T法和T-R法的平均光程放大因子为4.01、2.32和2.20,相关系数分别为0.90、0.80和0.87.对于A法和T-R法,采用二次多项式拟合的方法计算光程放大因子可以提高测量精度,相关系数分别为0.95和0.94.对比各影响因素对测量结果造成的平均相对误差发现,光程放大因子是颗粒物吸收系数测量最大的误差来源.     

HB6783、GB/T5170在温湿度试验箱性能指标验收中的应用

本文简要介绍了环境与可靠性试验领域试验设备系列检定标准HB 6783、GB/T 5170。以本单位某型温湿度试验箱验收为例,详细介绍了HB 6783、GB/T 5170系列温湿度试验设备检定/检验标准在温湿度试验箱性能指标验收中的应用,通过对比应用总结,指出综合比较不同检定标准中温湿度性能指标的检定项目、方法,结合本单位产品试验需求应用,是制定温湿度试验箱性能指标验收方法的最佳途径。     

Effect of in vitro administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on DNA-binding activities of nuclear transcription factors in NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts

Abstract

Most modern pesticides are expensive. Application of excessive dosage rates is likely to cause undesirable biological side‐effects and is economically wasteful. Non‐uniform distribution of the spray cloud, or application at the wrong time, may result in failure to control the pest. It is the responsibility of the field operator to acquire sufficient knowledge and skill to ensure proper use of the control agents, to increase efficiency of their usage and to reduce unwanted side‐effects. To achieve this goal, he must take into consideration the various physical factors that govern field performance of pesticides.

A simple relationship exists between the spray volume and emission rate used, and droplet size produced. The use of extremely low spray volumes (i.e., those less than 2.0 litre per ha) for forest insect control in Canada, as opposed to higher volumes used in agriculture, necessitates the release of fine droplets (ranging from 20 to 70 μm in diameter) to obtain adequate coverage of the target area. These droplets take a long time to sediment downwards, evaporate in‐flight, become smaller in size and/or form powdery residues, thus contributing to off‐target drift and impaired droplet adhesion to target surfaces. Physical factors such as rain washing, degradation by sunlight and erosion by wind also influence the longevity of pesticide deposits on foliage which is crucial during the critical period of pest control.

Factors affecting the mode of entry into insects are related to the type of ingredients used in formulation. If a pesticide acts via crawling contact, formulations which would provide surface deposits would be more beneficial than emulsions or oil‐based mixes which tend to undergo penetration into foliar cuticle. Physical factors that affect field performance of a pesticide tank mix are related to phase separation and ‘breakdown of emulsions’ in the application equipment; ‘agglomeration and caking’ of wettable powder dispersions at the bottom of the tank; impaired flow behaviour of highly viscous formulations; and coarse atomization of high‐viscosity tank mixes leading to poor target cover.     

Eutrophication of Lake Tasaul,Romania—proposals for rehabilitation

Background, aim, and scope  The reclamation of nonferrous metal-polluted soil by phytoremediation requires an overall and permanent plant cover. To select the most suitable plant species, it is necessary to study metal effects on plants over the time, thereby checking that metals remain stored in root systems and not transferred to aerial parts. In this purpose, the seasonal and annual variations of metal bioaccumulation, transfer, and phytotoxicity in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne grown in a Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soil were also studied. Materials and methods  The experimental site was located near a closed smelter. In spring 2004, two areas were sown with T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. Thereafter, the samplings of plant roots and shoots and surrounding soils were realized in autumn 2004 and spring and autumn 2005. The soil agronomic characteristics, the Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the surrounded soils and plant organs, as well as the oxidative alterations (superoxide dismutase [SOD], malondialdehyde [MDA], and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) in plant organs were carried out. Results  Whatever the sampling period, metal concentrations in soils and plants were higher than background values. Contrary to the soils, the fluctuations of metal concentrations were observed in plant organs over the time. Bioaccumulation and transfer factors confirmed that metals were preferentially accumulated in the roots as follows: Cd>Zn>Pb, and their transfer to shoots was limited. Foliar metal deposition was also observed. The results showed that there were seasonal and annual variations of metal accumulation in the two studied plant species. These variations differed according to the organs and followed nearly the same pattern for the two species. Oxidative alterations were observed in plant organs with regard to SOD antioxidant activities, MDA, and 8-OHdG concentrations. These alterations vary according to the temporal variations of metal concentrations. Discussion  Metal concentrations in surrounded soils and plant organs showed the effective contamination by industrial dust emissions. Metals absorbed by plants were mainly stored in the roots. With regard to this storage, the plants seemed to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts over the time, thereby indicating their availability for metal phytostabilization. Aerial deposition was another source of plant exposure to nonferrous metals. Despite the occurrence of metal-induced oxidative alterations in plant organs, both plant species seemed to tolerate a high metal concentration in soils. Conclusions  Taken together, these results indicated that T. repens and L. perenne were able to form a plant cover on highly Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-polluted soils, to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts and were relatively metal-tolerant. All these characteristics made them suitable for phytostabilization on metal-contaminated soils. These findings also highlighted the necessity to take into account seasonal and annual variations for a future phytomanagement. Recommendations and perspectives  In this work, the behavior of plant species grown in metal-polluted soil has been studied during 2 years. Obviously, this time is too short to ensure that metals remain accumulated in the root system and few are transferred in aerial parts over the time. It is why regular monitoring should be achieved during more than a decade after the settlement of the plant cover. This work will be completed by the study of the T. repens and L. perenne effects on mobility of metals in order to evaluate the quantities of pollutants which could be absorbed by the biota and transferred to groundwater. Bioaccessibility tests could be also realized on polluted soils in order to evaluate the phytostabilization impacts on the exposition risks for humans.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对电子垃圾焚烧迹地重金属形态的影响

采用生物淋滤法处理电子垃圾焚烧迹地重金属严重污染的土壤。所用氧化亚铁硫杆菌是从矿坑废水中通过一系列培养、分离和纯化得到。实验结果表明,生物淋滤法可以有效地去除土壤中重金属Cu、Ph和Zn,去除率的大小顺序为Zn〉Cu〉Pb;采用五步连续提取法分析处理前后土壤中重金属的存在形态,结果表明,通过氧化亚铁硫杆菌处理受重金属污染的土壤,可以促使易移动的重金属结合态的溶解（可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe—Mn氧化物结合态）,并使难移动的重金属结合态向易移动的重金属结合态转变。     

基于数理统计理论的超标概率在环境质量评价中的应用

目前经常使用的评价环境质量超标情况的主要指标为超标率,但它将环境监测抽样样本和样本总体相混淆,从而导致其不能客观评价环境质量的超标情况。基于概率统计论提出了一种新的指标——超标概率来评价环境质量的超标情况。利用抽样样本的特性,求出超标概率。由于环境监测样本抽样方式的不同,超标概率的计算公式也略有不同。为了说明该方法如何运用,以京杭大运河宿迁段水质为例,分析了每种污染物和整个京杭大运河宿迁段的超标情况。     

IC色谱仪电位法测定S^2—的运用与研究

介绍了应用ＹＩＣ－８型离子色谱仪电化学检测器测定标准样品及废水样中Ｓ＾２－的含量,同时与化学法进行比较,肯定了电位法的准确性、可靠性。     

废水和土壤样品中微量T1的原子吸收测定

本文研究了T1与Br或I的离子缔合物在不同的HC1或H_2SO_4介质中,用MIBK、环己酮、乙酸戊酯、乙酸丁酯和乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂的萃取效率,以及受酸度影响的情况,从而选择出最佳酸度、萃取剂和测定条件。本方法用于土壤及废水(天然水)中微量T1的测定,收到了良好的效果。