基于C/S与B/S混合模式的大气污染监测系统设计

以C／S与B／S混合模式为基础的大气监测系统、既能充分发挥网络资源的便捷化，实现企业监测数据与管理系统的快速链接，又充分利用C／S模式的安全性能，以保证系统的安全性。因而此系统是当前的一种较新型的，功能较为强大的网络监测系统。     

TRANSIENT RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR CONJUNCTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SNAKE RIVER PLAIN,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Increasing demands on western water are causing a mounting need for the conjunctive management of surface water and ground water resources. Under western water law, the senior water rights holder has priority over the junior water rights holder in times of water shortage. Water managers have been reluctant to conjunctively manage surface water and ground water resources because of the difficulty of quantification of the impacts to surface water resources from ground water stresses. Impacts from ground water use can take years to propagate through an aquifer system. Prediction of the degree of impact to surface water resources over time and the spatial distribution of impacts is very difficult. Response functions mathematically describe the relationship between a unit ground water stress applied at a specific location and stream depletion or aquifer water level change elsewhere in the system. Response functions can be used to help quantify the spatial and temporal impacts to surface water resources caused by ground water pumping. This paper describes the theory of response functions and presents an application of transient response functions in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Transient response functions can be used to facilitate the conjunctive management of surface and ground water not only in the eastern Snake River Plain basin, but also in similar basins throughout the western United States.     

四川省卧龙地区土壤中二噁英类化合物和多氯萘的海拔梯度分布及对牦牛的毒性风险评价

初步研究了四川省卧龙地区5个不同海拔高度的表层土壤和2个牦牛样品中二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)、共平面多氯联苯(co-PCBs)和多氯萘(PCNs)的分布特征、来源、毒性当量以及生态风险状况.土壤样品中总2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量范围为2.48-4.30 pg·g-1dw,平均3.50 pg·g-1dw,最高含量在海拔3927 m的塘房.co-PCBs的总含量平均为9.14 pg·g-1dw,最高值在海拔4487 m的垭口.总2,3,7,8-PC-DD/Fs和总co-PCBs含量随海拔高度的变化表现出正相关关系.不同海拔高度土壤中的PCDD/Fs和co-PCBs异构体的分布相似,表明具有相同的来源.总PCNs与海拔梯度呈负相关关系,最高含量出现在海拔3345 m的贝母坪,平均21.4 pg·g-1dw,主要以3.氯为主.土壤中PcDD/Fs毒性当量浓度范围为0.29-0.43pg TEQ·g-1dw.牦牛肉和牦牛组织中PcDD,/Fs总浓度分别为27.5和23.6 pg·g-1脂肪,毒性当量浓度为4.04和4.07 pg TEQ·g-1脂肪.结果表明,牦牛中的PCDD/Fg,co-PcBs和PCNs不大可能对卧龙地区人群导致严重的负面效应.     

C/N比和曝气量影响MBR同步硝化反硝化的研究

通过连续运行MBR研究了C/N比和曝气量对同步硝化反硝化的影响,结果表明,在环境温度13～23℃,MLSS为6.0～6.8 g/L,进水NH⁺₄-N浓度50 mg/L,曝气量0.5 m³/h,HRT为6 h实验条件下,总氮去除率随着进水C/N比的增加而增加,在C/N比为6∶1～8∶1时,TN去除率达到79%～89%,低的C/N比抑制反硝化,过高的C/N比增加了碳源补加的成本。改变反应曝气量,当C/N比为6∶1,曝气量为0.4 m³/h时,TN的去除率达到了最大值85%。曝气量过高或过低,TN去除率均下降。并对在不同曝气量下MBR 内的DO 值分布进行了初步研究。     

Baseline soil levels of PCDD/Fs established prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators in China

In order to determine the baseline contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in different areas in China, prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), a total of 32 representative soil samples was collected near 16 incinerators and analyzed for their PCDD/F concentrations. The PCDD/F baseline concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 0.32 to 11.4 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), with average and median value of 2.73 and 2.24 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), respectively, and a span between maximum and minimum recorded value of 36. The PCDD homologues predominated in 26 out of 32 soil samples, with the ratio (PCDDs)/(PCDFs) ranging from 1.1 to 164; however in the other 6 samples, PCDF homologues were larger, with the same ratio varying from 0.04 to 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to examine PCDD/F amount and profile in these soil samples, and their possible associations with known emission sources: in this process 6 really distinct isomer fingerprints were identified. Background PCDD/F levels and profiles were comparable to those found in soils from China and other countries and indicate a rather low baseline PCDD/F contamination of soils. The present data provide the tools for future assessment of a possible impact of these MSWIs.     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

Implementation of a windblown dust parameterization into MODELS-3/CMAQ: Application to episodic PM events in the US/Mexico border

Windblown dust is known to impede visibility, deteriorate air quality and modify the radiation budget. Arid and semiarid areas with unpaved and unvegetated land cover are particularly prone to windblown dust, which is often attributed to high particulate matter (PM) pollution in such areas. Yet, windblown dust is poorly represented in existing regulatory air quality models. In a study by the authors on modeling episodic high PM events along the US/Mexico border using the state-of-the-art CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE air quality modeling system [Choi, Y.-J., Hyde, P., Fernando, H.J.S., 2006. Modeling of episodic particulate matter events using a 3D air quality model with fine grid: applications to a pair of cities in the US/Mexico border. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5181–5201], some of the observed PM₁₀ NAAQS exceedances were inferred as due to windblown dust, but the modeling system was incapable of dealing with time-dependent episodic dust entrainment during high wind periods. In this paper, a time-dependent entrainment parameterization for windblown dust is implemented in the CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE modeling system with the hope of improving PM predictions. An approach for realizing windblown dust emission flux for each grid cell over the study domain on an hourly basis, which accounts for the influence of factors such as soil moisture content, atmospheric stability and wind speed, is presented in detail. Comparison of model predictions with observational data taken at a pair of US/Mexico border towns shows a clear improvement of model performance upon implementation of the dust emission flux parameterization.     

Use of USLE/GIS Methodology for Predicting Soil Loss in a Semiarid Agricultural Watershed

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an erosion model to estimate average soil loss that would generally result from splash, sheet, and rill erosion from agricultural plots. Recently, use of USLE has been extended as a useful tool predicting soil losses and planning control practices in agricultural watersheds by the effective integration of the GIS-based procedures to estimate the factor values in a grid cell basis. This study was performed in the Kazan Watershed located in the central Anatolia, Turkey, to predict soil erosion risk by the USLE/GIS methodology for planning conservation measures in the site. Rain erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), and cover management factor (C) values of the model were calculated from erosivity map, soil map, and land use map of Turkey, respectively. R values were site-specifically corrected using DEM and climatic data. The topographical and hydrological effects on the soil loss were characterized by LS factor evaluated by the flow accumulation tool using DEM and watershed delineation techniques. From resulting soil loss map of the watershed, the magnitude of the soil erosion was estimated in terms of the different soil units and land uses and the most erosion-prone areas where irreversible soil losses occurred were reasonably located in the Kazan watershed. This could be very useful for deciding restoration practices to control the soil erosion of the sites to be severely influenced.     

水固液微界面氧化还原反应过程与污染物控制研究

本文介绍了3个反应体系,包括铁锰复合氧化物氧化吸附除砷体系、铁氧化物包覆零价铁光芬顿催化和负载型多价态锰氧化物臭氧催化体系,通过固液微界面不同的氧化还原反应,实现了对水中砷和难降解有机污染物的高效去除.重点介绍了不同氧化还原反应对污染物转移转化的作用机制,说明了水体中固液微界面氧化还原反应,对污染物的转移转化起着重要作用.