The effect of clay catalyst on the chemical composition of bio-oil obtained by co-pyrolysis of cellulose and polyethylene

Cellulose/polyethylene (CPE) mixture 3:1, w/w with and without three clay catalysts (K10 – montmorillonite K10, KSF – montmorillonite KSF, B – Bentonite) addition were subjected to pyrolysis at temperatures 400, 450 and 500 °C with heating rate of 100 °C/s to produce bio-oil with high yield. The pyrolytic oil yield was in the range of 41.3–79.5 wt% depending on the temperature, the type and the amount of catalyst. The non-catalytic fast pyrolysis at 500 °C gives the highest yield of bio-oil (79.5 wt%). The higher temperature of catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose/polyethylene mixture the higher yield of bio-oil is. Contrarily, increasing amount of montmorillonite results in significant, almost linear decrease in bio-oil yield followed by a significant increase of gas yield. The addition of clay catalysts to CPE mixture has a various influence on the distribution of bio-oil components. The addition of montmorillonite K10 to cellulose/polyethylene mixture promotes the deepest conversion of polyethylene and cellulose. Additionally, more saturated than unsaturated hydrocarbons are present in resultant bio-oils. The proportion of liquid hydrocarbons is the highest when a montmorillonite K10 is acting as a catalyst.     

加速溶剂萃取/凝胶渗透色谱净化/气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱测定生物样品中的四溴联苯醚

建立了一种分析生物样品中四溴联苯醚（BDE-47）的方法.获得了优化的前处理条件和GC/MS检测条件,采用加速溶剂萃取（ASE）-凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）/多层硅胶-氧化铝复合柱净化,气相色谱-质谱（负化学离子源）（GC/NCI-MS）分析.以猪肝为基质的BDE-47加标回收率结果为77.3%—118.7%,相对标准偏差...     

SPME-GC同时测定地表水环境质量标准特定项目中硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物

针对地表水特定项目有机物中硝基苯类和氯苯类的测定,采用固相微萃取(SPME)前处理技术,用毛细管色谱柱进行色谱分离,用ECD检测器进行测定。SPME富集效率达118~1352倍,检出限为0.00004~0.05μg/L,方法的线性相关系数为0.9963~0.9999,RSD为2.0%~11.0%,加标回收率为87.0%~108%,所有技术参数均可满足地表水环境质量标准。该方法简单、快捷、无污染且省时省力,具有较好的推广性。     

便携式气相色谱测定固定源排气中的硫化氢

在SO₂与H₂S共存下,利用便携式气相色谱法测定了固定污染源排气中硫化氢含量。方法简便快速,准确度和精密度较高,受干扰物质二氧化硫的影响小,测定结果完全满足复杂成分烟气中硫化氢的测定要求。     

自动进样及气体分流技术测定气体中非甲烷总烃

采用自动进样和气体分流技术,双柱双FID检测器气相色谱法测定气体中的非甲烷总烃,实现了非甲烷总烃的连续自动分析,同时一次进样即可得到甲烷和总烃的数据。方法的检出限为0.05 mg/m3,测定的相对标准偏差在0.7%~1.8%内,非甲烷总烃的加标回收率为96.0%~98.5%。与传统手动进样法相比,本方法具有重复性好、操...     

糠醛衍生-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水中的肼和偏二甲基肼

建立了糠醛衍生-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水中肼和偏二甲基肼两种肼类化合物的方法,优化了实验条件.在200mL水样(pH=7)中加入10mL0.05g/mL的糠醛衍生试剂,室温下反应2h,用15mL二氯甲烷萃取10min,氮吹至1.0mL后进样分析.本方法在0～100μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.996.检出限...     

树舌灵芝菌丝体不皂化物GC—MS分析

在树舌灵芝菌丝体化学成分研究中,采用乙醚抽提法获取树舌灵芝菌丝体脂溶性物质,经皂化后使用气相色谱一质谱联用技术（CC—MS）进行分析,共鉴定出19种物质,所得到的丁羟甲苯、乙酰菲、5,6-二氢麦角甾醇对树舌灵芝菌丝体化学成分研究具有较高价值。     

土壤及固体废弃物中有机磷农药残留分析方法研究

有机磷农药是继有机氯农药以后被广泛应用的一类农药,它对生物体具有一定毒性,因此对有机磷农药的充分提取及检测就密切关系到人们的饮食安全。传统提取底质中有机磷的方法为索式提取或者采用有机溶剂对土壤直接萃取,而本文采用亲水溶剂对土壤进行萃取,并通过固相萃取技术对其进一步纯化,气相色谱-质谱法检测,对多种有机磷农药的分离度较好。     

原油降解中微生物群落的16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE分析

为对原油降解过程中微生物群落结构的变化,本文采用直接向原油中加入营养物刺激的方法,获得原油降解菌体系。提取不同培养时间条件下降解菌体系的总DNA,并以之为模板采用PCR-DGGE技术研究了在原油降解过程中微生物群落的组成,结果表明,随着培养时间的不同,微生物的群落结构表现出差异,随着时间的变化其微生物群落也会发生改变。回收了DGGE图谱中的18个条带,测序结果经过Blast比对表明其中10个条带代表的细菌是不可培养的,显示了DGGE技术的优越性。同时采用气相色谱技术对降解过程中的原油烃的变化进行了分析,结果显示原油烃类组分会随着降解菌多样性的变化而发生变化,降解菌体系表现出了其对烷烃类物质的降解能力。     

Occurrence of PCBs and PAHs in an urban soil of Madrid (Spain)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analysed in surface soil samples collected in 2001–2002 at an open urban area of Madrid. In order to obtain representative samples, three collection points at the site were chosen. The most abundant PAHs and PCBs were phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene and hexa- and heptachlorinated PCBs, respectively. The sum of selected PAHs (13 compounds) and PCBs (15 congeners) averaged 1 and 0.1?µg?g^?1, respectively. PCB levels in winter were 2–10 times higher than summer ones, while seasonal variation for most of PAHs were not observed. Good correlations among all PCBs were found. Five PAHs were also well correlated.