杭州地区城区降雪中全氟化合物的污染特征

通过调查杭州降雪中16种全氟化合物(PFCs)的质量浓度,考察了杭州地区大气中PFCs的污染状况.2016年1月20~22日,在杭州市城区及主要郊县建成区共计11个采样点采集降雪样品,应用固相萃取净化、富集与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用相结合的方法,测定样品中PFCs质量浓度.所有采样点降雪均有不同浓度的PFCs检出,全部样品共检出包括C_4和C_8全氟烷基磺酸以及C_4~C_6、C_8和C_9全氟烷基羧酸等7种中短链PFCs.ΣPFCs质量浓度范围为2.85~35.1 ng·L~(-1),其中全氟辛酸(PFOA)质量浓度范围2.15~23.0 ng·L~(-1),为主要污染因子,全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)检出浓度较低,为0~0.46 ng·L~(-1).与国内外其它地区相比杭州降雪中PFOA含量居于中等水平,PFOS含量则处于相对较低水平.污染物空间分布城区略高于郊县,其中富阳最高,建德和淳安较低.本次调查,在研究区域降雪中普遍检出以PFOA为主较高浓度的PFCs,表明湿沉降已经成为杭州地区土壤、地表水和地下水等生态系统PFCs污染一个不可忽视的污染源,需要有关部门引起足够的重视.研究结果揭示了杭州地区大气中广泛存在以PFOA为主的PFCs污染,大气因素可能已成为当地人群和生态环境暴露PFCs的重要途径之一.     

关于固相萃取技术富集水中苯系物的探讨

苯系物尤其是苯、甲苯和二甲苯作为重要溶剂和基本化工原料,被广泛应用于油漆、农药、医药、有机化工等行业,由此而产生的废水、废气便成为河流、空气和地下饮用水等有机污染物的重要来源。除苯是已知的致癌物以外,其它几种化合物对人体和水生生物均有不同程度的毒性。在我国水环境中优先控制污染物黑名单中,苯、甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯的三种异构体均榜上有名。因此,测定水中苯系物含量对环境保护具有重要的意义。本文基于固相萃取（SPE）技术富集水样中苯系物的思路,选择苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯和异丙苯作为目标化合物,对C18键合相吸附剂富集水中苯系物的吸附和脱附过程的参数优化进行了研究,为建立一种简便、高效的水中苯系物的检测方法提供了依据。     

利用气相色谱——傅里叶红外光谱法联合鉴别溢油污染源

在已有的溢油污染源鉴别研究基础上 ,对油品“指纹”———气相色谱图和傅里叶红外光谱图进行联合识别 ,从而进一步提高了溢油鉴别结果的可能性     

GC/MS法测定食醋中对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯

用气相色谱质谱联用法测定食醋中对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯,实验结果表明方法简便快速,准确可靠,稳定性好.     

Occurrence of sulfonamide antimicrobials in private water wells in Washington County, Idaho, USA

Samples from six private wells formerly used as sources for drinking water by the residents of Washington County (Weiser, Idaho) were collected to assess the impact of a nearby confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) on the quality of the local groundwater. All six samples were found contaminated by two veterinary antimicrobials, sulfamethazine (at concentrations from 0.076 to 0.22 μg/l) and sulfadimethoxine (at concentrations from 0.046 to 0.068 μg/l). These groundwater samples also contained elevated concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Three of the sampled wells have nitrate levels that exceeded the maximum contaminant level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, with nitrate concentration as high as 39.1 mg/l. All but one well showed nitrate, which instead contained ammonium at 1.22 mg/l. Analysis of the nitrate and ammonium in these samples by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry indicated δ¹⁵N characteristic of an animal or human waste source. Results from this study underscore the role of CAFO as an important source of antibiotic contamination of groundwater.     

Perfluorinated compounds in water, sediment, soil and biota from estuarine and coastal areas of Korea

Soil, sediment, water, and biota collected from the western coast of Korea were analyzed to determine occurrence and sources of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). PFCs were significantly concentrations of PFCs were measured in some water and biological samples, while concentrations of PFCs in soils and sediments were relatively low. The most widely detected compound was found to be perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), with a maximum concentration in water of 450 ng/L and in fish of 612 ng/g, dw. PFOS concentrations in water and biota were both less than those thought to cause toxicity. However, in both cases concentrations were within a factor of 10 of the toxicity threshold concentration. Concentrations of PFCs were significantly greater downstream than those upstream on the same river, suggesting point sources. Overall, the detection of PFCs at relatively great concentrations in various environmental matrixes from this region of Korea suggests that further studies characterizing PFCs and their potential risk to both humans and wildlife are needed.     

微气泡曝气O3／H2O2处理RO浓水的效能及影响因素

采用O3／H2O2高级氧化工艺处理炼油厂反渗透（RO）浓水,用溶气泵加压溶气并产生微气泡强化传质,确定装置运行条件,考察气体中臭氧浓度、O3／H2O2初始摩尔比、pH和温度对O3／H2O2处理RO浓水效果的影响,并对RO浓水处理效能进行研究。结果表明,随着气体中臭氧浓度的增加,COD的去除率基本呈线性增加;加入适当量H,0,能提高臭氧氧化RO浓水的效果,O3／H2O2初始摩尔比在0～0．8范围内,COD的去除率先增加后下降,O3／H2O2初始摩尔比为O．5时COD去除率最大;pH从6．84增加到9．01,COD去除率逐渐增大,pH为10．03时COD去除率反而降低;在14～28℃范围内,温度低时,升高温度COD去除率增加较大,温度较高时,升高温度对COD去除率的影响较小。为考察该工艺的稳定性,在H：0：／0,初始摩尔比为O．5、溶液pH为8～9、臭氧浓度为80～100mg／L、温度为10-28℃条件下,对COD为90～140mg／L的RO浓水氧化处理4～10h,出水COD维持在39．9～49．9mg／L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918—2002）》中的一级A标准;去除1gCOD消耗031．4～3．3g,消耗0,与H,02的总氧量为2．2～4．4g。     

液液小体积萃取GC-MS方法测定地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立了一种液液小体积萃取GC-MS测定地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的分析方法。对液液小体积萃取的原理进行了分析;对分析参数如线性相关性、相对标准偏差、最低检出限及加标回收率进行了评价。结果表明,采用液液小体积萃取GC-MS方法,当取样体积为200 mL,萃取试剂用量为2 mL时,方法的最低检出限为0.03～0.09μg/L;5种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物回收率范围在68%～115%之间;其相对标准偏差范围在3.3%～8.2%之间。对实际地表水水样中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物进行了定性定量分析,结果令人满意。     

某汽车公司车间空气净化系统VOCs的检测与分析

文章采用热解吸-气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)对某汽车公司各车间空气净化系统排放口挥发性有机物VOCs进行检测。定性分析表明:排放气体中有146种挥发性有机物,包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香类化合物、醇、醛、酮、酯、醚等化合物。定量分析表明:净化系统对TVOC、苯系物、非甲烷总烃的净化效率最高分别达到82.21%、81.69%、98.44%;某些车间空气净化系统排放口存在苯及甲苯排放浓度超标。     

天津市西南部苯系物浓度季节及空间变化特征

采用预冷冻浓缩系统和气相色谱/质谱联用仪,对天津市西南部BTEX（苯系物）浓度（以ρ计）进行了网格布点观测. 结果表明:ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)、ρ(间/对二甲苯)和ρ(邻二甲苯)的年均值分别为8.54、20.49、6.41、13.44和3.68 μg/m3,其中ρ(苯)和ρ(甲苯)均低于欧洲标准限值. 各BTEX浓度季节变化明显,与当地大气稳定度、光化学反应以及即时气象条件等因素密切相关. 利用各BTEX浓度的相关性,分析了不同类型采样点BTEX的来源,并证明工业企业和居民住宅附近存在非同源性苯和甲苯排放源. B/T〔ρ(苯)与ρ(甲苯)之比〕年均值为0.49,接近我国机动车尾气排放特点,但B/T值呈现出的季节变化特点可能与天津市供暖期燃煤排放有一定的关联.