水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的污染物迁移降解试验研究

水解酸化-缺氧法对采油废水有较好的处理效果,采用GC/MS技术对水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水过程中污染物的迁移降解进行的研究表明:水解酸化段和缺氧段对采油废水中碳原子为C6～C9、分子量为100～140的有机物均有较好的降解能力.其中,在水解酸化段中酮类、芳烃得到较好的降解,缺氧段中酚类和醚类化合物降解明显.水解酸化-缺氧工艺对于采油废水中的甲苯和二甲苯具有较好的降解能力.     

MAXIMIZING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION FOR GROUND WATER PROTECTION: THREE TEST CASES1

ABSTRACT: Public awareness of the importance of protecting the nation's water supplies is growing. Recent studies have shown a substantial increase in the perceived value of protecting water supplies for future use. In the Northeast, much of the water supply comes from ground water. This paper examines three test cases, each with different approaches for using geographic information systems (GIS) for ground water protection planning. In Wellfleet, Massachusetts, build-out scenarios were used to support regulatory and land acquisition decisions for siting a public water supply well. In Hadley, Massachusetts, the focus was on a decision support model for septic suitability assessment in support of regulatory efforts and infrastructure expansion. For Cortland County, New York, an interactive graphic user interface was created to facilitate the manipulation and recombination of a large volume of data by county officials to target ground water pollution prevention efforts. As personal computers become more powerful and inexpensive, and GIS data become more readily available, community and county governments are turning to GIS as a tool for developing comprehensive resource protection plans. Once appropriate data are input, a GIS can effectively and efficiently be used to derive outcomes of various land use plans and regulations.     

光致抗蚀剂乳化废水中有机物GC/MS分析

采用色谱－质谱（GC／MS）联用分析仪分析了电子工业光致抗蚀剂乳化废水中的有机化合物成份，测定了该废水中各种有机污染物的含量。分析结果表明：电子工业中光致抗蚀剂乳化废水的主要成份为有机酸类、醛类、酯类、胺类、芳香酮类、酸酐类、砜类、聚醚类、醇类、芳香烃类、杂环类十一大类有机化合物，其中聚丙二醇类、脂肪酸类、丁烯酸类、苯甲酸类、苯甲酸胺、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类和噻吩类约占总有机碳含量的95％以上。有机污染物的分析测定对此类废水的处理工艺的研究具有重要的指导作用。     

鳊肌肉中有机磷农药GPC净化条件的选择

为了确定鳊肌肉中乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷3种有机磷农药GPC(凝胶渗透色谱)的最佳净化条件,运用“完全随机设计2因素折因设计”编辑不同的GPC单浓缩方法,通过气相色谱仪测定浓缩后农药溶液的浓度.比较样品浓度的标准偏差来确定GPC和气相色谱的精密度.比较有机磷农药加标回收率,用SPSS 16.0统计软件中的广义线性模型进行方差分析,确定适宜浓缩条件.通过持续分段收集法确定有机磷农药的适宜收集时间.采用确定的适宜收集时间和单浓缩条件对鳊肌肉中提取的有机磷农药进行净化.结果表明,在0.01～ 1.0 mg/L范围内3种农药组分含量与峰面积呈线性相关(相关系数为0.997～0.998).乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷的定性检出限分别为7.27 ng/ks、7.15 ng/kg、7.15 ng/ks,定量检出限分别为40.3ng/kg、37.3 ng/kg、38.0ng/kg.GPC净化的适宜条件:以环己烷:乙酸乙酯=1:1(体积比)为溶剂;柱流速为5.0 mL/min;定量进样环进样量为5.0 mL;除杂质时间为1 080s,收集目标物时间为480 s,洗柱时间为300 s;浓缩温度为40℃;第1阶段真空泵压力为18 000 Pa或19000Pa,第2阶段真空泵压力为20 000 Pa或21 000 Pa.适宜净化条件下乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷的回收率为83.59％～ 95.19％.在气相色谱仪和GPC精密度较好、标准工作曲线良好的情况下,确定了GPC对鳊肌肉中3种有机磷农药的适宜净化条件,回收率较好,检出限低于国家标准,符合淡水鱼类中有机磷农药的检测要求.     

On-line CO, CO2 emissions evaluation and (benzene, toluene, xylene) determination from experimental burn of tropical biomass

Atmospheric pollution and global warming issues are increasingly becoming major environmental concerns. Fire is one of the significant sources of pollutant gases released into the atmosphere; and tropical biomass fires, which are of particular interest in this study, contribute greatly to the global budget of CO and CO₂. This pioneer research simulates the natural biomass burning strategy in Malaysia using an experimental burning facility. The investigation was conducted on the emissions (CO₂, CO, and Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes (BTEX)) from ten tropical biomass species. The selected species represent the major tropical forests that are frequently subjected to dry forest fire incidents. An experimental burning facility equipped with an on-line gas analyzer was employed to determine the burning emissions. The major emission factors were found to vary among the species, and the specific results were as follows. The moisture content of a particular biomass greatly influenced its emission pattern. The smoke analysis results revealed the existence of BTEX, which were sampled from a combustion chamber by enrichment traps aided with a universal gas sampler. The BTEX were determined by organic solvent extraction followed by GC/MS quantification, the results of which suggested that the biomass burning emission factor contributed significant amounts of benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) changed in response to changes in the sample moisture content. Therefore, this study concluded that the emission of some pollutants mainly depends on the burning phase and sample moisture content of the biomass.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定霜霉威在番茄和土壤中残留及消解动态

应用所建立的分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤和番茄中霜霉威为0.02、0.20、2.00 mg·kg-1等3个添加浓度时,日内平均回收率为83.9%—104.6%,日内相对标准偏差为1.0%—5.5%,日间平均回收率为84.3%—108.9%,日间相对标准偏差为1.4%—4.9%.霜霉威在1.0—200.0μg·L-1浓度范围内相关系数R20.9992,在土壤中和番茄基质中定量限均为0.02 mg·kg-1.该方法能够满足现有限量标准的要求.霜霉威消解动态试验采用推荐高剂量(90 g·ha-1)为施药剂量,在植株第2穗果膨大期开始喷药1次,分别测定喷药后2 h、1 d、2 d、4 d、7 d、14 d的霜霉威残留量的变化.浙江杭州、山东潍坊和河南商丘的3个试验点消解动态试验中,降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型.2011—2012年霜霉威在番茄中降解半衰期为2.4—4.7 d,在土壤中降解半衰期1.1—1.5 d.施药5 d后的残留量均小于检测限,远远低于2.0 mg·kg-1最大残留限量,实际样品中霜霉威的残留量均低于检测限.72.2%霜霉威水剂按照推荐剂量1.5倍喷施番茄1次,其喷施2 h后的残留量仅为1.5 mg·kg-1,符合残留要求可以安全使用.     

五氟苄基羟胺衍生与GC/MS联用分析大气中的单羰基化合物和多羰基化合物

利用涂布五氟苄基羟胺（PFBHA）的Tenax-TA作为固体吸附剂,采取主动采样的方式采集大气中羰基化合物,再经溶剂洗脱和氮吹浓缩后用气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）分析,成功检测到14种单羰基化合物和2种二羰基化合物（乙二醛与甲基乙二醛）.研究表明：在吸附剂的装载量为50mg的前提下,当衍生剂的涂布量为260nmol,采集流速为50mL·min^-1时,采集效果最佳.羰基化合物的检测限、平行样的相对标准偏差和样品的加标回收率范围分别为0.54～3.83ng·m^-3、1.0%～14.2%、89.2%～113.8%.该方法在实际大气样品中合适的采样时间为0.5～8.0h.利用此法对上海市宝山区大气中羰基化合物进行了检测,成功检测到16种羰基化合物,且具有明显的日变化趋势.     

Determination of Acaricide Residues in Saudi Arabian Honey and Beeswax Using Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography

Determination of acaricide residues of flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, coumaphos, and amitraz in honey and beeswax was carried out using a rapid extraction method utilizing C-18 SPE cartridges and an analytical method utilizing GC with ECD, NPD, and MSD detectors for the four acaricides. Recovery percentages from the extraction method ranged from 90–102%, while the minimum detection levels ranged from 0.01–0.05 mg/kg for the acaricides. Nine of the 21 analyzed samples were found to be contaminated with the acaricides tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos. Neither flumethrin nor amitraz was detected in any of the honey or wax samples. Coumaphos was found only in honey samples in which two samples exceeded the tolerance levels set by EPA and EC regulations. It has not been detected in beeswax. Five honey samples and eight beeswax samples were found to be contaminated with tau-fluvalinate. One of the wax samples was contaminated with a relatively high residue of tau-fluvalinate and contained above 10 mg/kg.     

Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles

To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction—Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)—were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of α-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of γ-HBCD decreased, indicating that γ-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 °C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n = 10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22 000 to 43 000 mg kg⁻¹ (i.e. 2.2–4.3%). We found a higher proportion of the α-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that γ-HBCD isomerized to α-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the α-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.     

Persistence of C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22 years

Twenty-two years after the last application of ring-¹⁴C-labeled atrazine at customary rate (1.7 kg ha⁻¹) on an agriculturally used outdoor lysimeter, atrazine is still detectable by means of accelerated solvent extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis. Extractions of the 0-10 cm soil layer yielded 60% of the residual ¹⁴C-activity. The extracts contained atrazine (1.0 μg kg⁻¹) and 2-hydroxy-atrazine (42.5 μg kg⁻¹). Extractions of the material of the lowest layer 55-60 cm consisting of fine gravel yielded 93% of residual ¹⁴C-activity, of which 3.4 μg kg⁻¹ was detected as atrazine and 17.7 μg kg⁻¹ was 2-hydroxy-atrazine. The detection of atrazine in the lowest layer was of almost four times higher mass than in the upper soil layer. These findings highlight the fact that atrazine is unexpectedly persistent in soil. The overall persistence of atrazine in the environment might represent a potential risk for successive groundwater contamination by leaching even after 22 years of environmental exposure.