Measuring environmental degradation by using principal component analysis

The objective of the paper is to measure environmental degradation on the basis of some selected indicators by the application of a simple multivariate technique known as Principal Component Analysis. For this purpose the study considered six variables, namely, GDP per capita, fuel consumption, total fertility rate, water supply, sanitation, and electricity. However, because of unavailability of data, the variables such as technology relating to environment, waste disposal, air pollution, women/gender issues relating to environment, corruption, democracy etc. could not be considered. The results show that principal components explain about 62% of the variations in the level of environmental degradation. The variables like GDP per capita, fuel consumption, water supply and electricity played a major role in classifying the countries in terms of environmental degradation compared to the variables, sanitation and total fertility rate. The findings show that countries which have high GDP per capita, low fuel consumption, higher percentage of people having access to water supply and sanitation as well as electricity ranked higher in terms of environmental quality despite high fertility rate as shown by the spectacular example of Saudi Arabia. By contrast, those countries which have low percentage of population having access to safe water and sanitation as well as electricity, high fuel consumption and high fertility were ranked lower in terms of environmental quality despite high per capita income, as shown by the example of Angola which is placed in lowest position among the 51 selected countries. The results also show that correlation between poverty and environmental degradation is particularly acute in African countries where high population growth is acting as an exacerbating factor. The study concluded that high fertility has much impact on environmental degradation in case of poorer countries than in case of rich countries.

绿色经济视角下环渤海经济圈经济效率的再评价——基于熵权法和DEA-Malmquist方法

长期以传统GDP作为衡量经济发展的单一评价指标,造成了一系列环境问题,已不能满足科学发展观的要求.以绿色经济为视角,通过计量方法重新计算包含环境成本的相对绿色GDP,发现环渤海地区除北京市以外,在经济总量扩张的同时环境压力不断增加.将计算得到的相对绿色GDP作为DEA- Malmquist模型的产出指标,重新评价环渤海地区的经济效率,发现新的效率值明显低于传统GDP下的经济效率,并有不断下降的趋势.     

能源价格变动对中国节能降耗的影响效应

在分析我国能源比价扭曲对能耗强度影响效应的基础上,建立了Bayesian时变动态回归模型,测算了能源价格变动对能耗的影响效果及变动趋势。主要结论为:①能源比价关系的调整比单种能源价格的国际接轨更为重要。相比国际市场的能源比价结构,中国能源商品价格结构的扭曲度提高了中国的能耗强度,促进了第二产业的增长。②能源价格的变动对单位GDP能耗的影响效应具有显著的时变特征。在电力、煤炭、石油三种能源中,电力价格的变动对能耗强度的影响最大。电力价格变化对单位GDP能耗的影响边际效应在逐年下降,但节能的效果仍很显著。煤电价格联动制约及"从量计征"的资源税偏低使得煤炭价格的上涨反而加大了能耗强度,且1996年以来煤炭价格的提高对单位GDP能耗上升的影响效应还在不断加强,原油价格的提高对单位GDP能耗的影响在不同的时间段有不同的作用,但相对煤炭及电力价格来说,石油价格的影响效应最小。2002年以前石油价格的上升对能耗的上升起助推作用,2003年后石油价格的上升对能耗的上升起降低作用且强度逐年加大。     

绿色GDP核算--以海南省2004年度为例

绿色GDP核算体系的一个重要组成部分就是环境经济核算,主要核算国民经济活动对环境的影响,包括环境污染和生态破坏两个方面.从实物量与价值量两个层面对海南省环境污染进行核算,从而得到2004年海南省经环境污染调整的绿色GDP值为760.88亿元,绿色GDP指数为98.9%.     

江苏省环境负荷预测分析

江苏省在经济可持续发展中面临能源自给率不足、环境容量有限、生态调节能力较弱及节能环保压力.利用环境负荷控制方程,以能源消耗量作为表征参数,对江苏省2000─2005年的环境负荷现状进行计算,并对其进行分析.对2010,2015和2020年的环境负荷进行预测,结果表明:江苏省经济在GDP年递增率达10%的高速发展条件下,若万元GDP能源消耗年降低率仍维持在2000─2004年的3.23%的水平而不加以控制,则2010年总能源消耗量将达到2.30×108 t,并以8.38%的年增长率递增.为使江苏省能源消耗的水平基本维持在2005年的水平,必须使万元GDP能源消耗年降低率接近、等于甚至大于9.09%.从能源结构调整、技术进步等方面给出强化节能降耗的相关建议,以控制江苏省环境负荷,从而减轻能源和环境对经济发展的压力.      

重庆低碳经济与可持续发展现状研究——基于综合绿色GDP核算体系

低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式,其实质是能源高效利用、清洁能源开发、追求绿色GDP的问题,核心是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度创新、人类生存发展观念的根本转变.低碳经济已经成为一个地区可持续发展的必由之路.通过运用绿色GDP核算体系对2001-2008年的重庆社会经济发展相关数据进行核算,并在此基础上通过与重庆传统GDP核算数据对比,对重庆近几年低碳经济与可持续发展现状给出客观描述与评价.     

Regional Disparities in China’s Mainland at Provincial Level Between 2000 and 2005

Based on the methodology provided by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,we analyze regional disparities in China’s mainland at provincial level between 2000 and 2005.It regards regional GDP growth as the joint result of contribution of a number of factors,i.e.capital productivity,capital per manpower,specialization,employment rate,active population,and population.The results show that for all provincial units,capital per manpower is a dominant contributing factor to the growth of GDP per...     

福建省环保投资对工业废水污染控制的影响分析

依据福建省2006-2011年环保投资的相关统计数据,对水污染治理投资和工业废水污染控制的关系进行深入分析,结果表明单位GDP水污染治理投资与工业废水排放量之间呈负相关。并指出福建省环境污染治理投资总量不足,单位GDP水污染治理投资比例偏低等问题,并针对这些问题提出应制定水污染治理投资规划,发展生态生产力并实施过程治理投资,使水污染得到真正有效的控制。     

Humble Opinions on the Relationship between the Percentage of Urban Residents in an Urban Region and the Economic Status in This Region in China

It is a fact that in U.S. the immigration between rural areas and city areas is free, but in China this type of immigration is restricted by HUKOU system （Hukou, namely the household registration system, was designed to control rural-urban in China）. All of those national policies in city areas are much better than those in rural areas, so those corresponding differences bring about great discrepancy of the economic status （mainly including GDP per person and income per resident） between rural and city areas in the same urban region, especially in different urban re- gions because the percentage of urban residents in those urban regions is in-equable. The present paper mainly researches the topic of relationship between the percentage of urban residents and the economic status in an urban region in China, including the relationship between the economic and the political functions of a settlement in China during the process of urbanization.