基于SSP-RCP情景的黄土高原土地变化模拟及草原碳储量

探索未来气候变化情景下土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）和生态系统碳储量的空间分布,可以为优化土地资源再分配和制定社会经济可持续发展政策提供科学依据.研究整合了斑块生成土地利用模拟（PLUS）模型和生态系统服务与权衡综合评价（InVEST）模型,基于CMIP6提供的共享社会经济路径和代表性浓度路径（SSP-RCP）情景,评估了黄土高原LUCC和生态系统碳储量的时空动态变化,分析驱动因素对不同区域的影响程度,探讨各区域碳储量空间相关性.结果表明：①未来3种情景LUCC变化模式相似,耕地、草地和未利用地面积都有不同程度的减少,建设用地急剧扩张,3种情景下的增幅分别为29.23%~53.56%（SSP126）、34.59%~63.28%（SSP245）和42.80%~73.27%（SSP585）.②与2020年相比,2040年SSP126情景碳储量增加1.813 8×10⁶ t,其余情景持续下降;到2060年,3种情景草原碳储量分别减少13.391×10⁶、33.548×10⁶和85.871×10⁶ t.③从空间相关性来看,黄土高原碳储量在市域间存在相关性,未来情景差异不显著,热点分布在研究区中部及中部以北地区,没有明显的冷点区域.④土地利用变化会增加或损失碳储量.林地、耕地和草地比其它土地类型有更多的碳储量,增加它们的面积和限制向其它土地类型转换会增加生态系统碳储量.     

Adapting the bioblitz to meet conservation needs

When conservation strategies require new, field‐based information, practitioners must find the best ways to rapidly deliver high‐quality survey data. To address this challenge, several rapid‐assessment approaches have been developed since the early 1990s. These typically involve large areas, take many months to complete, and are not appropriate when conservation‐relevant survey data are urgently needed for a specific locale. In contrast, bioblitzes are designed for quick collection of site‐specific survey data. Although bioblitzes are commonly used to achieve educational or public‐engagement goals, conservation practitioners are increasingly using a modified bioblitz approach to generate conservation‐relevant data while simultaneously enhancing research capacity and building working partnerships focused on conservation concerns. We term these modified events expert bioblitzes. Several expert bioblitzes have taken place on lands of conservation concern in Southern California and have involved collaborative efforts of government agencies, nonprofit organizations, botanic gardens, museums, and universities. The results of expert bioblitzes directly informed on‐the‐ground conservation and decision‐making; increased capacity for rapid deployment of expert bioblitzes in the future; and fostered collaboration and communication among taxonomically and institutionally diverse experts. As research and conservation funding becomes increasingly scarce, expert bioblitzes can play an increasingly important role in biodiversity conservation.     

Time discounting and the decision to protect areas that are near and threatened or remote and cheap to acquire

Should conservation organizations focus on protecting habitats that are at imminent risk of being converted but are expensive or more remote areas that are less immediately threatened but where a large amount of land can be set aside? Variants of this trade‐off commonly arise in spatial planning. I used models of land‐use change near a deforestation frontier to examine this trade‐off. The optimal choice of where to protect was determined by how decisions taken today accounted for ecological benefits and economic costs of conservation actions that would occur sometime in the future. I used an ecological and economic discount rate to weight these benefits and costs. A large economic discount rate favored protecting more remote areas, whereas a large, positive ecological discount rate favored protecting habitat near the current deforestation frontier. The decision over where to protect was also affected by the influence economic factors had on landowners' decisions, the rate of technological change, and ecological heterogeneity of the landscape. How benefits and costs through time are accounted for warrants careful consideration when specifying conservation objectives. It may provide a niche axis along which conservation organizations differentiate themselves when competing for donor funding or other support.     

酵母菌与两种硫杆菌复合对污泥中三价铬的去除

研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌LX5(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans LX5)、氧化硫硫杆菌TS6(Thiobacillus thiooxidans TS6)和耐酸性酵母菌R30(Rhodotorula sp.R30)对重金属铬(Cr³⁺)的耐受性.结果表明,700mg/L的Cr³⁺对硫杆菌LX5、TS6的生长和氧化活性影响不大,但Cr³⁺浓度大于500mg/L时明显抑制酵母菌R30的生长.酵母菌R30与硫杆菌LX5和TS6复合能明显加速污泥淋滤的进程,最佳复合比为酵母菌R30接种量2.0%,硫杆菌LX5和TS6接种量10%.分别用含酵母菌R30数量为10⁴个/mL和102个/mL的酸化污泥作接种物进行污泥淋滤,发现淋滤过程中pH值下降的速度没有明显差异,而在淋滤起始时添加2.0%的酵母菌R30,则淋滤反应提前36h结束.由此可见,在其它条件相同的污泥淋滤中,污泥中所含耐酸性酵母菌的数量是加快淋滤的关键.     

新显色试剂的合成及在环境监测中的应用研究

合成了一种新三氮烯类显色剂--6-甲氧基苯并噻唑重氮氨基-2,6-二溴-4-羧基苯(简称MBTDABPCP),并研究了其与镉的显色反应.拟定了在SDS存在的Na₂₄₇-HCl缓冲溶液(pH为8.5)中,测定镉的新方法.可用于废水中微量镉的测定.      

南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸昼夜变化研究

2002年3月14-19日在南京大学校园内进行了为期1周的采样,用以研究大气气溶胶PM_2.5中的低分子量(C₂～C₁₀)二元羧酸的昼夜变化规律.结果表明,南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的夜间质量浓度(平均为460ng/m3)普遍高于相应的白天质量浓度(平均为350 ng/m3).草酸是含量最高的二元羧酸,其次是丁二酸与丙二酸,这3种二元羧酸占所检测到的水溶性有机酸总量的89%.由C3/C4(ρ(丙二酸)/ρ(丁二酸))(平均为1.00)可以判断采样期间气溶胶中有机酸主要来源于大气的光化学氧化反应,从C6/C9(ρ(己二酸)/ρ(壬二酸))(平均为0.88)可以认为生物源是有机酸的一个重要来源.      

固定化菌种处理腈纶废水中2,6-二叔丁基酚研究

研究用海藻酸钙包埋固定降解菌种(Alcaligenessp.),用于降解腈纶废水中的2,6-二叔丁基酚。与菌悬液相比菌种固定化包埋后,降解底物2,6-DTBP的能力大大提高。并且在活性污泥处理系统中加入固定化的包埋颗粒,其对底物的生物降解率可从35%提高到60%。扫描电镜观察到菌种在海藻酸钙包埋载体中能良好地生长。     

菌株Cupriavidus sp. DT-1对液体和土壤中TCP的降解

采用液质联用（HPLC-MS）的方法检测菌株Cupriavidus sp.DT-1降解2-羟基吡啶（2-HP）的代谢产物.并用三亲结合、荧光定量PCR （q-PCR）方法评价降解菌对3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶酚（TCP）污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,菌株可以进一步降解2-HP,依次生成尼古丁蓝、马来酰胺酸和反丁烯二酸,直至转化成菌株DT-1生长的碳源.接种菌株DT-1对污染土壤中TCP的降解起到较大的促进作用,2组试验土壤中TCP （50mg/kg）降解率分别为94.4%和86.7%,未接种菌株的土壤中TCP降解率仅为20.4%和28.4%.带有绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp标记的菌株DT-1-gfp可在土壤中存活35d以上,并对TCP污染土壤的细菌群落丰度有显著的恢复作用.     

基于AGRI颗粒物浓度遥感反演及季节变化分析

基于AGRI数据反演区域PM_2.5浓度.利用6S辐射传输模式,分析气溶胶光学厚度AOD与能见度相关性,建立AOD、气溶胶标高和能见度模型;通过对大气柱AOD垂直订正,构建AOD与近地面PM_2.5浓度关系的物理模型;同时引入了地面相对湿度数据.结果表明,FY-4A遥感的PM_2.5浓度与地面空气质量监测站的PM_2.5浓度变化趋势一致,算法计算效率较高.利用AGRI估算近地面PM_2.5与地面观测网对比分析,其结果不亚于于MODIS以及VIIRS的对比结果,AGRI估算的均方根误差和相对误差较小.从季节分析,冬季近地面颗粒物浓度是影响整层大气柱AOD值的主要因素,AGRI反演结果精度较好,夏季相关系数相对于其他三个季节偏低.总体而言,采用FY-4A/AGRI反演颗粒物浓度精度可靠,有利于实现区域气溶胶全天候实时监测.     

Hydrolysis mechanism of carbendazim hydrolase from the strain Microbacterium sp. djl-6F

The carbendazim(MBC) hydrolyzing enzyme gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) from a newly isolated MBC-degrading bacterium strain Microbacterium sp. strain djl-6F. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS)analysis revealed that purified MheI-6F protein catalyzes direct hydrolysis of MBC into2-aminobenzimidazole(2-AB) with a high turnover rate and moderate affinity(Kmof6.69 μmol/L and kcatof 160.88/min) without the need for any cofactors. The optimal catalytic condition of MheI-6F was identified as 45°C, pH 7.0. The enzymatic activity of MheI-6F was found to be diminished by metal ions, and strongly inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).Through generating amino acid mutations in MheI-6F, Cys16 and Cys222 were identified as the catalytic groups that are essential for the hydrolysis of MBC. This is the first report on the biodegradation of MBC at the enzymatice level.