基于GIS技术的城市大气环境质量评价——以淮南市为例

以淮南市为例 ,探讨了基于地理信息系统GIS技术进行城市大气环境质量评价的分析方法。利用GIS的空间数据管理、分析和图形显示、输出功能 ,对大气环境进行多因素复合分析 ,建立了基于“变权”思想的大气环境质量综合评价的污染指数模型和大气环境质量等级标准 ,并以图表的形式输出了评价结果。结果表明利用GIS技术进行城市大气环境研究具有传统方法无法比拟的优势 ,具有广阔的应用前景 ;所建立的大气环境评价模型和等级划分标准简单、客观、合理 ,具有实际应用意义。     

广东沿岸海域生物可利用性重金属的地理分布

利用牡蛎做监测生物，研究了广东沿岸海域生物可利用性重金属Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ的地理分布。牡蛎体的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ含量存在着显著的地域差异，反映了广东沿岸海域生物可利用性的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ在地域上存在很大的梯度。由牡蛎显示出的广东沿岸海域生物可利用性重金属的地理分布与广东沿岸海域受人为来源的重金属输入状况相一致，如实地反映了广东沿岸海域重金属污染的基本特征。     

对排海污染物实行“纳污区”管理探讨

我国近海是经济增长和发展最重要和最集中的区域。然而,随着沿海工业的发展,大量未经处理的陆源污染物随间排海,沿岸水域形成“黑潮”、“赤潮”致使我国近海海域污染加剧,生态平衡失调,严重影响了海域资源环境的可持续发展。     

Impact of selective herbicide right-of-way vegetation treatment on birds

Power line rights-of-way provide a major portion of the shrub habitat in New York. Since this habitat type is on the decline, many of the birds dependent on shrub habitat are also declining. The methods used to control right-of-way vegetation could therefore have serious impacts on several birds of conservation concern. Since New York is increasingly using selective herbicide treatments in vegetation management, we sought to investigate the potential impacts of these treatments on nesting birds. The study looked at plots in two adjacent rights-of-way before and after a selective herbicide treatment in one of the rights-of-way. We investigated three bird species: alder flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum), chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), and gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis). All three species exhibited a preference for shrub vegetation around nest sites. The selective herbicide treatment did not significantly decrease that shrub vegetation, and neither the density nor the nesting success of the three species declined following the treatment. We conclude that selective herbicide vegetation management encourages the development of shrub habitat without negatively impacting the birds nesting in the habitat.     

河南省春季降水与温度变化的时空分布——基于地理信息系统的分析

春季的气候条件异常一直是制约河南省小麦生产的瓶颈之一,春旱作为河南省主要的气象灾害,严重影响了小麦的生长。近几十年来,极端天气事件随着全球气候变暖的加快而越发频繁。春季干旱发生的主要因子降水和温度的变异性显著变大。基于GIS及和河南省30年的气候整编资料,对河南省春季降水、温度及降水温度比的变化趋势及时空变化分布进行了研究。结果表明:豫南春季降水减少最为严重(南阳盆地除外),豫中次之,豫北春季降水稍有增加;从温度的变化分布来看,河南全省春季温度都呈上升趋势,其中,豫南的信阳、驻马店,豫西北的济源、焦作、洛阳、郑州及平顶山地区温度上升趋势较大,南阳盆地、豫东平原及豫北平原地带温度变化相对较小;反应春季气候异常的降水温度比豫南为负向变化最大,豫北为正向变化最大,空间分布与春季降水基本吻合。综合分析说明未来河南地区的气候变化将会更加不稳定。     

流域非点源分布式模型AnnAGNPS参数的不确定性研究

流域非点源分布式模型的不确定性研究成为目前的热点问题之一。本研究以宁波市章溪河流域为研究区,通过GIS软件AreView和AnnAGNPS模型,集成利用莫里斯分类筛选法,选取临界源面积、SCS曲线系数、水土保持因子、饱和导水率、氮磷吸收率、施肥量等6个因子进行敏感性分析。模拟结果表明,土壤饱和导水率、水土保持因子和径流曲线CN值对模型输出结果影响较大;水土保持因子对泥沙、总磷和总有机碳负荷的模拟结果影响最大,均呈显著负效应;径流曲线CN值对总氮负荷计算结果影响最大,呈显著正效应。     

Groundwater vulnerability assessment using an improved DRASTIC method in GIS

Groundwater management can be effectively conducted by using groundwater contamination map assessment. In this study, a modified DRASTIC approach using geographic information system (GIS) was applied to evaluate groundwater vulnerability in Kerman plain (Iran). The Wilcoxon rank-sum nonparametric statistical test was applied to modify the rates of DRASTIC. In addition, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed to evaluate the validity of the criteria and sub criteria of all the parameters of the DRASTIC model, which proposed as an alternative treatment of the imprecision demands. The GIS offers spatial analysis in which the multi index evaluation can be effectively conducted through the AHP. The non-point source pollution was effectively determined by the modified DRASTIC method compared with the traditional method. The regression coefficient revealed the relationship between the vulnerability index and the nitrate concentration. The best result was obtained by using AHP–AHP, followed by DRASTIC–AHP, modified DRASTIC–AHP, and AHP–DRASTIC models. In this study, the DRASTIC method failed to provide satisfactory result. Additionally, by using both the original DRASTIC and the modified DRASTIC methods in the study area, AHP–AHP performed highly in the Kerman plain, suggesting that the southern and south east parts of the area considerably calls for conservation against contamination.     

Quantitative assessment in safety reports of the consequences from the detonation of solid explosives

Safety reports are mandatory documents in member states of European Union whenever any threshold limits of amounts of either stored or processed hazardous substances are exceeded. After a short introduction to EU Seveso Directives on major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances and to the transposition and implementation by member states, with a brief comment on last 2012/18/EU Directive (also known as Seveso III directive), the paper focuses on drafting of safety reports for industrial activities involving solid explosives. Specifically, the quantitative assessment of consequences from detonation is tackled respect to the side-on overpressure and the debris production. Both direct and inverse problems are illustrated to determine respectively the overpressure value at a given distance, and the explosive amount that allows respecting the regulations. Their solution is based on either analytic or numerical techniques and being based on recent scientific publications on the matter either evaluates or zeroes nonlinear algebraic equations. The availability of these equations avoids grounding the consequences assessment on diagrams and nomograms that otherwise would lead to interpretation and usage errors besides avoiding the automatic solution of the inverse problem. The paper focuses also on details such as embankment, crater, munitions, rocket propellant, building structure, and wall material that, at different levels, play a role in the assessment of detonation consequences. A discussion on debris formation, the available literature, and the evaluation of the impact probability of fragments on both fixed and moving targets closes the paper.     

基于GIS的陇南灾区建设用地适宜性评价

以甘肃省陇南市地震灾区为例,运用AHP法和GIS空间分析方法,综合考虑了地区气候地形、人口分布、交通区位、经济基础和地震易发程度等影响因子,并通过用地适宜性分区,对地区自然生态和社会经济格局进行重新审视,从协调资源、环境、人口、经济的相互关系出发,空间开发强调因地制宜,即让开发成本低、资源环境容量大的地区承担高强度的开发建设活动;而让生态和地质环境脆弱、开发难度大的区域承担生态维护和生态产业功能。结果表明：陇南市用地适宜性呈现出极大的地缘差异性,适宜发展用地主要分布于东北部丘陵盆地地区,南部地区以限制发展用地为主,西北部地区由适度发展用地和限制发展用地构成。其中适宜发展用地占地区总面积1727%,适度发展用地占4441%,限制发展用地占3831%。     

An analysis on spatial variation of urban human thermal comfort in Hangzhou, China

Urban human thermal comfort (UHTC) is affected for interacting of weather condition and underlying surface framework of urban area. Urban underlying surface temperature value and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) were calculated using image interpreting and supervised classification technique by ERDAS IMAGE software using 1991 and 1999 Landsat TM images data. Reference to the relational standard of assessing human thermal comfort and other meteorology data of Hangzhou City in summer, air temperature and relative humidity variation of different land types of underlying surface were inversed. By choosing discomfort index as an indictor, the spatial distribution characteristic and the spatial variation degree of UHTC were estimated and mapped on a middle scale, that is, in six districts of Hangzhou. The main characteristics of UHTC spatial variation from 1991 to 1999 were revealed using a GIS-based calculation model. The variation mechanism were analyzed and discussed from the viewooint of citv olannino, construction and environmental orotection.