汉江流域水污染防治规划GIS系统

本文介绍利用 GIS技术开发汉江流域水污染防治规划信息系统 ,本系统可以实现对全流域用水状况、排污现状、水环境质量进行综合分析、评价、预测、查询。为有效控制汉江流域水污染 ,促进全流域的社会经济可持续发展提供决策支持     

PyLUR: Efficient software for land use regression modeling the spatial distribution of air pollutants using GDAL/OGR library in Python

• PyLUR comprises four modules for developing and applying a LUR model. • It considers both conventional and novel potential predictor variables. • GDAL/OGR libraries are used to do spatial analysis in the modeling and prediction. • Developed on Python platform, PyLUR is rather efficient in data processing. Land use regression (LUR) models have been widely used in air pollution modeling. This regression-based approach estimates the ambient pollutant concentrations at un-sampled points of interest by considering the relationship between ambient concentrations and several predictor variables selected from the surrounding environment. Although conceptually quite simple, its successful implementation requires detailed knowledge of the area, expertise in GIS, statistics, and programming skills, which makes this modeling approach relatively inaccessible to novice users. In this contribution, we present a LUR modeling and pollution-mapping software named PyLUR. It uses GDAL/OGR libraries based on the Python platform and can build a LUR model and generate pollutant concentration maps efficiently. This self-developed software comprises four modules: a potential predictor variable generation module, a regression modeling module, a model validation module, and a prediction and mapping module. The performance of the newly developed PyLUR is compared to an existing LUR modeling software called RLUR (with similar functions implemented on R language platform) in terms of model accuracy, processing efficiency and software stability. The results show that PyLUR out-performs RLUR for modeling in the Bradford and Auckland case studies examined. Furthermore, PyLUR is much more efficient in data processing and it has a capability to handle detailed GIS input data.     

探析GIS技术在环境影响评价中的应用

GIS技术即地理信息系统,是将地理信息制成电子地图的一门技术。GIS技术是一门新兴技术,在环境、资源等方面有很大的发展潜力,也在这些方面发挥了重大的作用。随着我国对环保工作的越来越重视,对生态污染和环境影响评价工作的关注度上升,GIS技术有了进一步在环境影响评价领域中发展的机会。本文从GIS技术本身入手,分析GIS技术的特点,探讨GIS技术在环境影响评价领域中的具体应用,希望可以为提高我国环境影响评价水平提供一些参考。     

Equitable distribution of green stormwater infrastructure: a capacity-based framework for implementation in disadvantaged communities

This study seeks to understand the factors that influence the variability in distribution of public and private sector investments in green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) projects across the diversity of neighbourhoods in the City of Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. using indicators of community context and capacity. For this study, context is defined as characteristics of disadvantaged communities and capacity as factors that facilitate individual and collective action. Community context and capacity are deemed integral to the success of the Philadelphia GSI programme as the Philadelphia Water Department is relying upon collaborative approaches to facilitate public investments in neighbourhoods and voluntary implementation of GSI practices on publically and privately owned lands. Private sector investments in GSI mandated by stormwater regulations for new construction and major rehabilitation also are assessed in relation to these two sets of indicators. The geographic information systems and statistical analyses reveal an inequitable distribution of GSI projects, which largely is driven by market forces. The paper concludes with a community capacity-based framework to prioritise public sector investment in disadvantaged communities to achieve more equitable distribution of GSI projects and associated benefits.     

长江三角洲城市群空气质量时空分布特征

基于数理统计、空间插值技术、相关性分析与GIS地图表达,研究长江三角洲城市群AQI及各空气含量因子污染浓度的时间、空间分布特征。通过提取国务院最新规划的长江三角洲城市群空间分布数据,划分研究区为"一核五圈",探讨了空气质量指数的时间变化特征和AQI、首要污染物的空间分布规律,定量评价了AQI与其污染因子的相关性,结果表明:(1)时间变化上,长三角城市群空气质量季均变化规律为夏季最好,冬季最差;月均变化呈波浪形分布,在1月份的平均浓度皆为最高;周均变化为:在一周后半段达到一周最大值;(2)空间分布上,分季节看,AQI在春、秋、冬三季空间梯度变化显著,呈现北高、南低的分布格局。在首要污染物的分布上,以PM_(2.5)和O_3均分长三角地区;(3)PM_(2.5)含量空间分布与AQI有较高相似性,均处于北高南低的分布状态,臭氧分布呈现东高西低,即较发达的城市臭氧含量相对较高的空间分布格局。最后通过相关性计算,AQI与PM_(2.5)相关性显著,与O_3没有明显相关性,为长三角大气污染防治提供依据。     

基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟

本文将对城市特大火灾的蔓延机理进行深入剖析,并构建火灾蔓延的半经验半理论模型。该模型包括两个子模型,其一为个体建筑火灾发展的简化模型,其二为建筑物间的火灾蔓延模型。前者简化了个体建筑内部火灾发展与蔓延的复杂过程,仅简单评价了个体建筑火灾发展所处的阶段,即起火、轰燃、充分发展与倒塌,并计算出各阶段相应的物理量。后者则是从建筑物间火灾蔓延的机理入手,借鉴已有模型对两种主要的火灾蔓延方式热辐射与热对流进行模型的简化和修正,并且量化了影响建筑物间火灾蔓延的气象条件。最后,作者提供了基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟方案,并将模拟方案用于对日本1995年阪神地震后神户市高桥医院周边一处起火进行火灾蔓延模拟,再将模拟结果与实际火灾蔓延结果进行对比,从对比中充分体现出模型的有效性。     

A gis-based assessment on the vulnerability and future extent of the tropical forests of the congo basin

This paper examines the vulnerability of the Congo Basin's forests through a GIS platform, taking into consideration the variables of population growth, road density, logging concession, and forest fragmentation. The assessment indicates that the forests will continue to shrink towards the interior over the next 50 years. Current contiguous forests will fragment into three large blocks, including one on the west side of the Congo River and two in the Democratic Republic of Congo, while a large number of small forest patches will retain in the periphery of the large blocks. The study shows that integrated GIS assessment of the driving forces of tropical deforestation can shed light on the future forest distribution and provide a tool to address the broader implications of social and economic development for tropical deforestation.     

Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soil in the Thrace Region, Turkey

Abstact Samples of surface soil were collected at 73 sites in the Thrace region, northwest part of Turkey. Two complementary analytical techniques, epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with flame and graphite furnace atomization were used to determine 35 elements in the soil samples. Concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using AAS and GF AAS, and ENAA was used for the remaining 27 elements. Results for As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu Eu, Fe, Hf, I, In, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V and Zn are reported for the first time for soils from this region. The results show that concentrations of most elements were little affected by the industrial and other anthropogenic activities performed in region. Except for distinctly higher levels of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in Istanbul district than the median values for the Thrace region, the observed distributions seem to be mainly associated with lithogenic variations. Spatial distributions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were plotted in relation to the concentration values in soil using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology     

Environmental Monitoring of Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes in a Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Unprecedented rates of human-induced changes in land use and land cover (LULC) at local and regional scales lead to alterations of global biogeochemical cycles. Driving forces behind LULC changes mainly include rapid growth rates of population and consumption, lack of valuation of ecological services, poverty, ignorance of biophysical limitations, and use of ecologically incompatible technologies. One of the major ecological tragedies of the commons in a Mediterranean region of Turkey is the loss of Lake Amik at the expense of increasing the area of croplands, which used to provide vital ecosystem goods and services for the region. In this study, we aimed at quantifying the effects of past land-use transitions on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools (0–20 cm) in a Mediterranean region of 3930 km², between 1972 and 2000. LULC changes were quantified from a time series of satellite images of Landsat-MSS in 1972, Landsat-5 TM in 1987, and Landsat-7 ETM+ in 2000 using geographic information systems. The study showed that the increase in croplands between 1972 and 1987 took place at the expense of the irreversible losses of Lake Amik and its related wetlands of over 53 km². In the period of 1972 to 2000, croplands, settlements, and evergreen forests increased by 174%, 106%, and 14%, respectively. The increase in settlements occurred mostly to the detriment of croplands. Given the average rates of all the land-use transitions, and associated changes in SOC density for the study region of 3930 km², total SOC pool was estimated to decrease by 14.1% from 130.1 Mt in 1972 to 111.7 Mt in 2000.     

Combined use of GIS and environmental indicators for assessment of chemical, physical and biological soil degradation in a Spanish Mediterranean region

Soil is one of the main non-renewable natural resources in the world. In the Valencian Community (Mediterranean coast of Spain), it is especially important because agriculture and forest biomass exploitation are two of the main economic activities in the region. More than 44% of the total area is under agriculture and 52% is forested. The frequently arid or semi-arid climate with rainfall concentrated in few events, usually in the autumn and spring, scarcity of vegetation cover, and eroded and shallow soils in several areas lead to soil degradation processes. These processes, mainly water erosion and salinization, can be intense in many locations within the Valencian Community. Evaluation of soil degradation on a regional scale is important because degradation is incompatible with sustainable development. Policy makers involved in land use planning require tools to evaluate soil degradation so they can go on to develop measures aimed at protecting and conserving soils. In this study, a methodology to evaluate physical, chemical and biological soil degradation in a GIS-based approach was developed for the Valencian Community on a 1/200,000 scale. The information used in this study was obtained from two different sources: (i) a soil survey with more than 850 soil profiles sampled within the Valencian Community, and (ii) the environmental information implemented in the Geo-scientific map of the Valencian Community digitised on an Arc/Info GIS. Maps of physical, chemical and biological soil degradation in the Valencian Community on a 1/200,000 scale were obtained using the methodology devised. These maps can be used to make a cost-effective evaluation of soil degradation on a regional scale. Around 29% of the area corresponding to the Valencian Community is affected by high to very high physical soil degradation, 36% by high to very high biological degradation, and 6% by high to very high chemical degradation. It is, therefore, necessary to draw up legislation and to establish the policy framework for actions focused on preventing soil degradation and conserving its productive potential.