活性氧和钙离子参与镉诱导的酵母细胞死亡过程调节

以酵母为实验材料,研究了镉(以CdCl2形式添加)对细胞的毒性作用机制.结果显示,浓度为0.25~5 mmol·L-1的镉可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡;随着镉浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高.凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB与镉共同作用后,细胞死亡率明显低于镉单独处理组.经镉处理后,酵母细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高;外源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶能降低镉引发的细胞死亡,特异性Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道特异性抑制剂LaCl3亦可明显降低镉诱发的细胞死亡率.研究表明,镉诱发的酵母细胞死亡过程存在依赖于caspase途径的细胞凋亡途径;镉诱发的死亡与镉处理组胞内ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,ROS可能通过增加胞内Ca2+水平,继而激活相关下游信号导致细胞死亡.     

Immunotoxic effects of an industrial waste incineration site on groundwater in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The discharge of organic waste from the petrochemical industry into the Mercier lagoons caused major groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic potential of three groundwater wells at increasing distance from the incinerator dumping site （1.17, 2.74 and 5.40 km）. Rainbow Trout were exposed to increasing concentrations of water from three groundwater wells for 14 days. Immunocompetence was characterized by phagocytosis, mitogen-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. A significant increase in innate （phagocytosis） and specific immune response （B lymphocyte proliferation） was observed in trout exposed to water collected from the well at 2.74 km. However, phagocytosis activity was suppressed in groups at 1.17 and 5.40 km. The proportion of lymphocytes in S phase was significantly increased in groups at 2.74 and 5.40 kin, while lymphocytes in G0/G1 phase were decreased in all three exposure groups. Additionally, dexamethasone （DEX）-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the group at 2.74 km, which suggests decreased lymphocyte turnover. Furthermore, the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis was lower in the groups at 2.74 and 5.40 km. In summary, our experiments have shown that exposure to the mixture of organic compounds present in Mercier groundwater modulates phagocytosis and cell proliferation, disrupts the cell cycle and reduces the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis. It is concluded that groundwater collected in the vicinity of an incinerator containment field could impact immunocompetence in fish.     

水力停留时间对MFC-A2/O工艺处理生活污水的影响

在10 L的A~2/O反应器中构建微生物燃料电池(MFC)系统,以厌氧段作为阳极室去除有机物,缺氧段作为阴极室去除硝酸盐.结果发现,30 d左右可以达到最大输出电流.系统启动后进入稳定期对水力停留时间(HRT)进行优化,结果表明,当HRT=16 h时可以获得最佳出水效果,此时MFC的出水COD、总氮浓度分别比对照A~2/O反应器低14.6%和10.1%,在100Ω外阻下的输出功率密度为612 m W·m~(-3);当HRT=12 h时,产电效果最好,最大输出功率密度可以达到808 m W·m~(-3).     

TIC-Tox: A preliminary discussion on identifying the forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity of disinfected water

The disinfection of drinking water is a major public health achievement; however, an unintended consequence of disinfection is the generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Many of the identified DBPs exhibit in vitro and in vivo toxicity, generate a diversity of adverse biological effects, and may be hazards to the public health and the environment. Only a few DBPs are regulated by several national and international agencies and it is not clear if these regulated DBPs are the forcing agents that drive the observed toxicity and their associated health effects. In this study, we combine analytical chemical and biological data to resolve the forcing agents associated with mammalian cell cytotoxicity of drinking water samples from three cities. These data suggest that the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids may be a small component of the overall cytotoxicity of the organic material isolated from disinfected drinking water. Chemical classes of nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as the haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, appear to be the major forcing agents of toxicity in these samples. These findings may have important implications for the design of epidemiological studies that primarily rely on the levels of THMs to define DBP exposure among populations. The TIC-Tox approach constitutes a beginning step in the process of identifying the forcing agents of toxicity in disinfected water.     

预应力锚固结构腐蚀电化学模型可行性研究

目的探究自行设计研究锚固结构电化学模型的可行性。方法针对通用电解池存在的缺点,自行设计电解池,模拟岩土工程中锚固结构综合受应力腐蚀和电化学腐蚀的环境,使锚固结构沉浸在1.0%Na Cl溶液中进行腐蚀,并通过电化学方法进行检测,通过比较设计电解池与实验室电解池的测试结果,验证设计电解池的可行性。结果实验室模型和设计模型的实验结果相似性很高。结论所设计的电化学模型能够很好地研究锚固结构在综合因素作用下的腐蚀规律,装置是可行的。     

环境因素对接种Shewanella baltica的微生物燃料电池产电能力的影响

通过筛选获得1株Shewanella baltica,分别改变阳极基质种类、浓度、pH和温度,考察不同条件下接种该菌后MFC产电特性.乳酸钠作为基质时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大,MFC产电功率密度和基质浓度满足Monod模型.阳极溶液pH和温度对接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度影响最大.阳极溶液pH为8时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大可达1236mW/m2,最大功率密度上升主要是阳极内阻和阳极电势影响所致.接种该菌的MFC最大产电功率密度在50℃达到1197mW/m2,最大功率密度随温度变化的主要原因是温度对阳极内阻的影响,20～50℃时MFC电流密度与温度满足Arrhenius方程.     

Potential neoplastic e ects of parathion-methyl on rat liver

The mutagenic and carcinogenic e ects of parathion-methyl were examined by bacterial reverse mutation assay and a long-term experiment with wistar rats. The potential mutagenic e ect of parathion-methyl in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 bacterial cells was observed without rat liver S9 metabolic activation. Parathion-methyl was further investigated for pathological changes in rat pancreas and liver. The long-term rat experiments showed that parathion-methyl exposure for 3 months can cause pathological changes in rat pancreases acinar cells and pancreatic hepatocytes. Atypical acinar cell focuses (AACF) were determined in the liver and pancreas of the rats. The results from short-term Ames test and long-term rat experiments suggested that parathion-methyl would be potential carcinogenic.     

单室型微生物燃料电池处理黄姜废水的性能研究

以黄姜废水为底物,采用单室型微生物燃料电池,验证了MFC处理黄姜废水的可行性,研究了进水COD和SO42-浓度对产电性能的影响.控制电导率和COD等条件一致,黄姜废水最大功率密度为葡萄糖配水的80.3%.低COD浓度条件下MFC产电稳定,功率密度随COD浓度上升而提高,最高为322 mW/m2;当COD提高至2766 mg/L以上时,MFC稳定产电的时长缩短且更新基质后无法恢复最佳产电水平,表明过高的COD负荷会抑制产电微生物活性.COD最终去除率在68.2%~84.8%之间,且随着初始浓度的提高去除率有所下降.进水SO42-浓度的提高使MFC输出功率密度增大,但当SO42-浓度>7 716 mg/L(电导率>8.19 mS/cm)时,继续提高SO42-浓度无法使功率密度增大.与沉淀SO42-后的废水比较,含硫原水的最大功率密度平均下降14.5%,其库仑效率也随SO42-浓度提高明显下降,表明存在SO42-作为电子受体被还原,降低了MFC的效率.     

不同浓度甲醛致大鼠肝细胞DNA氧化损伤作用

为了探讨外源性化合物暴露致内脏细胞DNA氧化损伤程度的定量检测方法,尝试以8\|羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG）为分子生物标志物,以甲醛为模式外源性化合物,以丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）为参考指标,应用大鼠肝细胞悬液进行体外染毒实验研究.同时,实验设置甲醛染毒的终浓度分别为0、5、15、45μmol· L-1,在大鼠肝细胞悬液染毒1h后,分别测量了肝细胞悬液中的8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）和丙二醛（MDA）含量.研究结果显示,随着甲醛浓度升高,大鼠肝细胞中8-OHdG和MDA含量均呈升高趋势（F=59.55,p<0.01;F=75.82,p<0.01）,高浓度组（45μmol·L-1）8-OHdG和MDA含量与对照组的差异均具有显著性（p<0.01）,中浓度组（15μmol·L-1）的这种差别也具有显著性（p<0.05, p<0.01）,低浓度组（5μmol·L-1）的这种差异没有显著性（p>0.05）.因此,8-OHdG不但可以用于血液和尿液样品的检测,而且采用本项研究摸索出的前处理方法可以很好地定量测定内脏细胞DNA氧化损伤的程度.     

固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用

介绍了固定化细胞的制备方法、载体特性、反应特性,探讨了固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用现状及其发展方向。