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A variable environment leaves a signature in a population's dynamics. Deriving statistical and mathematical models of how environmental variability affects population projections has - in the wake of reports of substantial climatic fluctuations - received much recent attention. If the model changes, then so too does the population projection. This is because a different model of environmental variability changes estimates of long-run stochastic growth, which is a function of demographic rates and their temporal sequence. Decomposing elasticities of long-run stochastic growth into constituent parts can assess the relative influence of different components. Here, we investigate the consequences of changing the environmental state definition, and therefore altering the shape of demographic rate distributions and their temporal sequence, by using age-structured matrix models to project vertebrate populations into the future under a range of environmental scenarios. The identity of the most influential demographic rate was consistent among all approaches that perturbed only the mean, but was not when only the variance was perturbed. Furthermore, the influence of each demographic rate fluctuated among projections by up to factors of six and two for changes to the variance and mean, respectively. These changes in influence depend in part upon how environmental variability - in particular, the color of environmental noise - is incorporated. In the light of predictions of increasing climatic variability in the future, these results suggest caution when drawing quantitative conclusions from stochastic population projections. 相似文献
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集约化养殖场羊与兔粪尿产生量的监测 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以集约化养羊场、养兔场为研究对象,监测了不同季节羊与兔的粪尿排泄量、粪尿养分含量、饲料养分摄入量等.结果表明,兔日平均粪便排泄量0.37 kg·只-1,年粪便排泄总量135.05 kg·只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾和有机质平均质量含量分别为25.55、5.07、6.59和660.4 g·kg-1;羊日平均粪便排泄量1.09 kg·只-1,年排泄总量397.85 kg·只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾以及有机质平均质量含量分别为19.89、4.90、11.79和649.1 g·kg-1.同一季节,同种动物磷的排泄量与摄入量比值高于氮、钾,同种动物养分排泄量与摄入量比值在不同季节也有差异. 相似文献
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The measurement of methane losses from grazing animals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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K. E. Ruckstuhl A. Manica A. D. C. MacColl J. G. Pilkington T. H. Clutton-Brock 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(5):694-703
We analysed 16 years of census data gathered on the island of Hirta (archipelago of St. Kilda) to investigate the effects
of castration, population density, sex ratio, season and group type on habitat use and social segregation of Soay sheep. From
1978 to 1980, 72 male lambs were castrated. We used this experiment to study how a change in reproductive status could affect
sociality and habitat choice of these males. Males, females and castrates were all segregated outside the rutting season in
autumn. Castrates were the least segregated from females in spring and summer but were most segregated from them during the
pre-rut. The more equal the sex ratios, the higher was the degree of social segregation. The three sex classes used similar
habitat types, namely, Holcus agrostis, Agrostis festuca and Calluna habitats. Holcus agrostis and Agrostis festuca were top- and second-ranked in female and castrate habitat use, while Holcus agrostis and Calluna were the two top habitat types used by rams. It is unclear why males included Calluna heath habitats, but it cannot be excluded that they might have shifted their use depending on forage availability. A lack
in differences in habitat use between castrates and females suggests that body size differences alone cannot be the driving
factor for habitat segregation in male and female Soay sheep and that there are reasons other than body size that could motivate
reproductive males to use additional habitat types, such as Calluna heath. Although habitat use shifted from one habitat type to the next between low- and high-population-density years and
between seasons, there was no clear link between population density and how different groups (male, female or castrate) used
these areas. We discuss effects of reproductive status, population density and sex ratio on social segregation and habitat
use and suggest that these factors need to be taken into account when investigating causes of sexual segregation in ungulates. 相似文献
15.
Effects of repeated-low level sodium chlorate administration on ruminal and fecal coliforms in sheep
Claudio Arzola Ramon Copado Sharon V.R.P. Epps Felipe Rodriguez-Almeida Oscar Ruiz-Barrera Carlos Rodriguez-Muela 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(12):966-970
AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral sodium chlorate administration on reducing total coliform populations in ewes. A 30% sodium chlorate product or a sodium chloride placebo was administered to twelve lactating Dorper X Blackbelly or Pelibuey crossbred ewes averaging 65 kg body weight. The ewes were adapted to diet and management. Ewes were randomly assigned (4/treatment) to one of three treatments which were administered twice daily by oral gavage for five consecutive days: a control (TC) consisting of 3 g sodium chloride/animal/d, a T3 treatment consisting of 1.8 g of sodium chlorate/animal/d, and a T9 treatment consisting of 5.4 g sodium chlorate/animal/d; the latter was intended to approximate a lowest known effective dose. Ruminal samples collected by stomach tube and freshly voided fecal samples were collected daily beginning 3 days before treatment initiation and for 6 days thereafter. Contents were cultured quantitatively to enumerate total coliforms. There were no significant differences in total coliform numbers (log10 cfu/g) in the feces between treatments (P = 0.832). There were differences (P < 0.02) in ruminal coliform counts (log10 cfu/mL) between treatments (4.1, 4.3 and 5.0 log10/mL contents in TC, T3 and T9 Treatments, respectively) which tended to increase from the beginning of treatment until the 5th day of treatment (P < 0.05). Overall, we did not obtain the expected results with oral administration of sodium chloride at the applied doses. By comparing the trends in coliform populations in the rumen contents in all treatments, there was an increase over the days. The opposite trend occurred in the feces, due mainly to differences among rumen contents and feces in ewes administered the T9 treatment (P = 0.06). These results suggest that the low chlorate doses used here were suboptimal for the control of coliforms in the gastrointestinal tract of ewes. 相似文献
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AARON D. FLESCH†† CLINTON W. EPPS†‡‡ JAMES W. CAIN III§§ MATT CLARK‡ PAUL R. KRAUSMAN JOHN R. MORGART§††† 《Conservation biology》2010,24(1):171-181
Abstract: Security infrastructure along international boundaries threatens to degrade connectivity for wildlife. To explore potential effects of a fence under construction along the U.S.–Mexico border on wildlife, we assessed movement behavior of two species with different life histories whose regional persistence may depend on transboundary movements. We used radiotelemetry to assess how vegetation and landscape structure affect flight and natal dispersal behaviors of Ferruginous Pygmy-Owls ( Glaucidium brasilianum ), and satellite telemetry, gene-flow estimates, and least-cost path models to assess movement behavior and interpopulation connectivity of desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis mexicana ). Flight height of Pygmy-Owls averaged only 1.4 m (SE 0.1) above ground, and only 23% of flights exceeded 4 m. Juvenile Pygmy-Owls dispersed at slower speeds, changed direction more, and had lower colonization success in landscapes with larger vegetation openings or higher levels of disturbance ( p ≤ 0.047), which suggests large vegetation gaps coupled with tall fences may limit transboundary movements. Female bighorn sheep crossed valleys up to 4.9 km wide, and microsatellite analyses indicated relatively high levels of gene flow and migration (95% CI for FST = 0.010–0.115, Nm = 1.9–24.8, M = 10.4–15.4) between populations divided by an 11-km valley. Models of gene flow based on regional topography and movement barriers suggested that nine populations of bighorn sheep in northwestern Sonora are linked by dispersal with those in neighboring Arizona. Disruption of transboundary movement corridors by impermeable fencing would isolate some populations on the Arizona side. Connectivity for other species with similar movement abilities and spatial distributions may be affected by border development, yet mitigation strategies could address needs of wildlife and humans. 相似文献
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Gangba sheep are known for having typical sensory characteristics attributed to free range conditions and grazing on wild plants. The genuine Gangba mutton was selected as the experimental group, and the commercial Tibetan mutton was selected as the control group, the nutritive composition of basic chemical components, amino acids and fatty acids in mutton were investigated to correlate its unique meat quality and eating satisfaction. The results showed that fatty acids were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Gangba mutton than in commercial mutton, and the higher content of flavoring amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartame) were primarily responsible for the taste attributes umami of meat juices. Moreover, the trace elements analysis in mutton and grazing factors (forage, water source and soil) were conducted, to explain the source of essential trace elements in mutton. The concentrations of essential trace elements show that the Gangba mutton was a valuable source for highly available Cu and Zn in human nutrition, and well managed with few detected of toxicity metal. The concentrations of essential trace elements in mutton are closely related to the trace elements in environmental grazing factors. In conclusion, the congenital grazing conditions (a highly mineralized water resource, natural forages and clean soils) were shown to contribute to the unique meat characteristics of Gangba sheep. 相似文献
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Fanie Pelletier John T. Hogg Marco Festa-Bianchet 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(5):645-654
Survival and mating success are key fitness components of mammalian males. Because energy is limited, life history theory predicts trade-offs between current and future reproduction. While many studies have examined fitness trade-off in females, we know little about trade-offs faced by males. In polygynous species, male mating success is largely dependent upon intrasexual competition. Consequently, males have greater uncertainty over the benefits of a given allocation than over its costs, and the correlation between mating effort and success is likely much weaker in males than in females. We analyzed 14 years of data on the mating effort and survival of marked bighorn rams to investigate fitness trade-offs. Dominant rams defended single estrous ewes (“tending”) while subordinates attempted to copulate after separating the tending pair (“coursing”). We estimated the participation in tending and coursing for each ram and the effort in searching for breeding opportunities by each ram each year. We compared these three behavioral indices of male mating effort to demographic parameters, individual characteristics, and both yearly and long-term survival. Mating effort during the rut was unrelated to ram overwinter survival, but longevity was positively correlated with mating effort between 2 and 5 years of age. Persistent variation among rams is likely to explain this pattern, suggesting that in natural populations a few high quality males enjoy both high mating success and high survival.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献