念青唐古拉山扎当冰川雪冰中不溶性有机碳含量及其辐射强迫研究

为了研究雪冰中不溶性有机碳(Water-insoluble Organic Carbon,WISOC)的含量及其辐射强迫作用,于2012年7月和8月对青藏高原南部纳木错流域扎当冰川90个表层雪冰样品中WISOC的含量进行了分析,采样期间利用地物光谱仪实地测量了反照率.结果表明,在消融季节(7—8月),扎当冰川表面被裸冰、老雪和新雪覆盖,以上3种消融情形下WISOC的平均含量分别为(1618.4±1236.0)、(432.3±329.7)和(183.7±158.0)ng·g-1,雪冰的融化导致WISOC等吸光性物质在冰川表面的富集,降低了冰川表面反照率.通过SNICAR模型(Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiative Modle)敏感性分析表明,3种情形下WISOC降低雪冰表面反照率(贡献率)分别为0.0020(6.8%)、0.0018(7.4%)和0.0010(2.1%),对应的WISOC的辐射强迫分别为1.14、1.34和0.81 W·m-2.平均地,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响超过了黑碳(BC)影响的20%,而在新雪覆盖条件下,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响甚至达到了粉尘影响的72.3%.因此,虽然雪冰中的WISOC的吸光能力相对于BC较弱,但所引起的雪冰表面反照率降低及冰川消融等效应不容忽视.     

青藏高原纳木错和安多牧区室内空气污染研究

2009年夏季在青藏高原纳木错和安多牧区对牧民帐篷内细颗粒(PM2.5)浓度和一氧化碳(CO)的含量进行了观测,以认识牧区室内空气中PM2.5和CO的污染水平、日变化特征及主要影响因素,以及不同人群在污染物中的暴露水平.观测结果表明,未安装烟囱的帐篷内PM2.5浓度和CO平均含量(体积分数)分别为1.272 mg·m-...     

青藏高原土壤有机碳密度垂直分布研究

通过对青藏高原土壤普查数据的整理分析,定量研究了青藏高原28个典型土壤类型、14个主要生态系统类型0～20cm、20～50em及50～100cm深度内土壤有机碳密度的垂直分布规律.结果表明,青藏高原28个典型土壤类型3个土层的有机碳密度平均值为(6.16±1.08)kg·m-2、(5.06 ±0.85)kg·m-2、(5.30±0.82)kg·m-2;在0～100cm土层内,暗棕壤、沼泽土的有机碳密度显著高于其它土壤类型,而高山漠土、灰棕漠土、亚高山漠土的有机碳密度不仅远远低于区域平均水平,而且显著低于其它土壤类型.14个典型生态系统土壤的有机碳密度均值为(7.47±1.38)kg·m-2、(6.07±1.24)kg·m-2、(6.46±1.16)kg·m-2;其中,以沼泽草甸、针叶林土壤的有机碳密度最高,而温性荒漠、高寒荒漠、高寒草原及亚高山草原土壤有机碳密度显著低于其它生态系统.这不仅体现了青藏高原土壤-植被显著的地带性分布,而且为青藏高原土壤有机碳循环模型,及有机碳对全球变化的响应研究提供重要的基础数据.     

青藏高原纳木错流域河水主要离子化学特征及来源

2006年6～10月对青藏高原纳木错流域你亚曲、曲嘎切、昂曲3条河流进行了连续采样,同时在2005年9月和2006年9月2次环纳木错考察中采集了其他河水的样品.河水中主要阴离子（Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺、 Na⁺、 K⁺）和阳离子（Cl^-、 NO^-₃、 HCO^-₃、 SO^2-₄）的分析结果表明,你亚曲、曲嘎切和昂曲的离子总量（TDS）分别为79.48、 23.44和111 mg/L.离子总量明显低于青藏高原及我国其他河流,且相互之间存在较为明显的差距. 3条河流中,曲嘎切为重碳酸盐钙型水,昂曲介于重碳酸盐钠型和重碳酸盐钙型之间,你亚曲的化学类型介于两者之间.河流水化学的时间变化显著,而且与流量成一定的反相关关系.利用主成分分析和相关分析得出：你亚曲河水主要化学成分来源于碳酸盐中的Ca²⁺和HCO^-₃;曲嘎切来源于冰川融水以及碳酸盐中的Ca²⁺、HCO^-₃和Na⁺;昂曲则来源于蒸发岩中的Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Cl^-.     

生态补偿对象的空间选择研究——以甘南藏族自治州草地生态系统的水源涵养服务为例

生态补偿对象的空间选择研究是生态补偿机制的基础性和支撑性研究,对建立高效合理的生态补偿机制具有十分关键的作用。目前国内在生态补偿的理论和实践研究中很少专门研究补偿对象的选择问题,这种不考虑空间异质性对整个补偿区域实施统一的标准补偿势必会影响到补偿的效率。有鉴于此,基于补偿资金效率考虑,构建以土地所有者提供的生态系统服务、土地所有者的参与成本和生态系统服务受损风险为参数的空间选择模型,以甘南藏族自治州草地生态系统水源涵养服务为例,乡镇为基本研究单元,采用聚类分析法将全州划为五大等级补偿区:优先补偿区、次级优先补偿区、次级补偿区、临界补偿区和潜在补偿区或可能补偿区。对各级补偿区的特征分析结果表明:①草地生态系统的优先补偿主体主要分布在纯牧区,而非优先补偿区主要分布在半农半牧区、林业区和农业区;②基于补偿资金效率考虑的补偿优先度与草地生态系统退化风险呈现高度的吻合状态,草地生态系统的优先补偿区又是高退化风险区(生态脆弱区);③草地生态系统的补偿效率与生态重要性呈现出吻合的状态,即草地生态系统的优先补偿区又是重要生态功能区;④甘南州近17%的草地为低效率和无效率补偿区,也是非生态脆弱区和非重要生态功能区,基于生态脆弱性、生态重要性和补偿效率考虑,这部分草地可暂时给予较低标准的补偿。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion in the Tibetan Plateau from 1984 to 2013北大核心CSCD

Soil erosion has a critical effect on ecological security and socioeconomics, which may deteriorate ecosystem services and common human well-being. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was applied to assess soil erosion from 1984 to 2013 in the Tibetan Plateau and analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of soil erosion intensity. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial variation rates of soil erosion were explored across different ecosystems. The results indicated that the annual soil erosion fuctuated in the Tibetan Plateau, the soil erosion intensity decreased from south to north, and the most serious soil erosion was mainly distributed in the southern Tibetan Plateau (Xigaze and Changdu regions, Lhasa, and north of the Shannan region). The soil erosion intensity was higher in shrub, alpine meadow, and sparse vegetation ecosystems. The highest soil erosion was found in alpine meadow (2.17 × 1010 t), followed by alpine grassland (1.59 × 1010 t) and sparse vegetation (1.30 × 1010 t) ecosystems. Meanwhile, although the most serious soil erosion intensity was found in the regions of 3 000-4 000 m altitude, the soil erosion was mainly observed in the regions of 4 000-5 000 m altitude. In the three most recent decades, annual soil erosion decreased at a rate of-1.78 × 108 t/a. Additionally, soil erosion mainly increased in south of the Qiangtang Plateau and in the periphery of the Qaidam basin. Decreased soil erosion was mainly found along the Hengduan Mountains, central Himalayas. Although the increased annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) had positive effects for soil protection, changes in soil erosion was mainly controlled by the change of annual precipitation. Thus, the fragility of ecological systems and increased rainfall erosivity accounted for the obviously increased soil erosion in the alpine grassland ecosystem (1.19 × 10 t/a). However, increased ecosystem stability and decreased rainfall erosivity contributed to the decreased soil erosion in forest and shrub ecosystems, by-0.77 × 10 t/a and-1.65 × 10 t/a, respectively. The slightly decreased rainfall erosivity accounted for a decrease of soil erosion in the sparse vegetation ecosystem (-0.44 × 10 t/a). Meanwhile, soil erosion has decreased in the alpine meadow ecosystem over the past 30 years, which may owing to the relatively higher NDVI that neutralized the increase of rainfall erosivity to some extent. This study revealed serious soil erosion regions and ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau and explored possible reasons for variations in soil erosion in different ecosystems, which may provide a scientific reference for soil erosion conservation and control in the near future. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

青藏高原东部原始云杉林及其系列采伐迹地3个林地藓类种群结构与生物量的差异性评估

森林采伐对地表藓类种群的发育具有重要影响,但很少有人评估这种影响后迹地上的藓类种群状况.本研究调查了四川壤塘县4个系列采伐迹地和附近原始云杉林下3种林地优势藓类种群[锦丝藓(Actinothuidium hookeri)、塔藓(Hylocomium splendens)和大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium)]的发生频率和盖度、生物量以及维管束植物盖度和凋落物盖度,通过方差分析检验比较分析了3个藓类种群的盖度和生物量在不同采伐迹地及原始林之间的差异,评估了其自然发展趋势,揭示了维管束植物结构参数与藓类种群盖度和生物量之间的相互关系.发现:1)3种藓类种群的盖度和生物量在采伐迹地和附近原始林间有显著差异,但在系列采伐迹地之间没有明显差异,证实森林采伐后林生地表藓类种群显著衰退,随着迹地自然恢复进程这些藓类种群并未能逐渐恢复;2)微环境尺度上的藓类盖度和生物量在系列采伐迹地之间有较大的波动,Spearman相关分析显示乔木和草本层盖度是影响藓类种群生物量的主要因子.综合分析表明,采伐导致的环境变化以及藓类自身的牛态适应性和繁殖策略综合决定着藓类种群的自然恢复能力;如果仅仅依靠迹地自然恢复过程,顶极藓类种群(塔藓和锦丝藓)是难以自然复壮的.图6表4参44     

昌吉州土地资源开发项目环境管理存在的主要问题及对策

针对昌吉州近几年大规模开荒带来的一系列生态环境问题,提出了加强土地资源开发项目环境管理的建议与对策。     

青藏高原东缘典型流域生态系统#br# 服务的地形梯度效应#br# ——以岷江上游为例

山地生态系统受地形因素影响在垂向上呈现出明显的空间分异特征,厘清山地生态系统服务的空间分异特征是区域土地利用和生态系统管理的基础。以青藏高原东缘典型流域岷江上游为研究区,将2000、2005、2010年土地利用数据及DEM数据作为数据源,运用地形位指数、相对变化率和敏感性系数,研究土地利用变化下的生态系统服务价值的地形梯度效应。结果表明：（1）岷江上游土地利用类型以林地和草地为主,约占总面积的60%和30%;2000～2010年,1~4级地形位上除未利用地外的其他土地利用类型分布指数变化较为明显,林地和耕地不断降低,草地、水域和建设用地不断升高。（2 ）研究期内岷江上游生态系统服务价值总量和各类型生态系统服务的价值随地形位的升高均呈倒V形变化;2000～2010年,研究区1~12级地形位上生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势,13~20级地形位上呈减小 趋势。（3）2000～2010年,各地形位上生态系统服务价值变化趋势与研究区一致;除1级地形位上生态系统服务价值变化幅度略高于研究区外,2~20级地形位上的变化幅度与研究区基本一致。（4）研究 区各土地利用类型的单位面积生态系统服务价值敏感性系数均小于1,单位面积生态系统服务价值的变化缺乏弹性,研究结果可信;2000～2010年各地形位上水域、草地和荒漠敏感性系数不断上升,林地 和耕地敏感性系数不断下降。通过对土地利用变化驱动下的生态系统服务价值的地形梯度效应进行定量测度,明晰了生态系统服务价值随地形梯度变化所呈现的空间分异规律及其变化特征,为保护区域 生态系统,合理利用土地资源提供理论依据。 关键词： 土地利用;生态系统服务;地形位指数;地形梯度;岷江上游;青藏高原东缘     

Recognition on trigger condition of autonomous emergency braking system

Introduction: Automobiles carrying an autonomous emergency braking system (AEBS) are currently prevailing. While the reduction of traffic accidents is expected because of the widespread use of the system, concerns as regards many drivers using the system without proper understanding of the trigger conditions (TCs) have arisen. This research aims to grasp the degree of recognition of the AEBS TCs by a driver with a vehicle equipped with the system. Method: Using a web research company, we sent a survey sheet for screening to 9999 monitors randomly selected by gender and age group and confirmed own vehicle with an autonomous braking system ownership status. The number of answer targets was 200 for each of the four groups divided by age and gender. In this research, we developed a multivariate analysis model with the degree of understanding the AEBS TCs as the objective variable. The explanatory variables of this model were “Driver characteristics” and “Contact opportunities of information on the AEBS.” Results: Using PCA’s main component scores as the objective variable, two types of multiple regression models were constructed according to the AEBS TCs (do not work properly and work accidentally). The model analysis showed that gender, age, confidence in driving skill, and experience of the AEBS before purchasing are significant variables in both models. The recognition of the conditions of the “AEBS does not work properly” was influenced by the information-gathering ability and the degree of reference to various information. In contrast, the recognition of the conditions of the “AEBS work accidentally” was influenced by the interest of automobiles, such as the importance of automobile for self-expression and explanation taken up in a car magazine. Conclusions: This study clarified the driver characteristics and contact opportunities of information that have problems in recognizing the AEBS TCs. Practical Applications: Considering measures, such as public relations, utilizing this result will be meaningful in terms of road safety in the current stage, which is the transitional period of the AEBS.