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Integrated pedestrian countermeasures - Potential of head injury reduction combining passive and active countermeasures

A rapid development of both pedestrian passive and active safety, such as pedestrian bonnets/airbags and autonomous braking, is in progress. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pedestrian head injury reduction from hypothetical passive and active countermeasures compared to an integrated system. The German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) database was queried from 1999 to 2008 for severely (AIS3+) head injured pedestrians when struck by car or van fronts. This, resulted in 54 cases where information was sufficient. The passive countermeasure was designed to mitigate head injuries caused by the bonnet area, A-pillars, and the remaining windscreen area up to 2.1 m wrap around distance (WAD). The active countermeasure was an autonomous braking system, which was activated one second prior to impact if the pedestrian was visible to a forward-looking sensor. The integrated system was a direct combination of the passive and active countermeasures. Case by case the effect from each of the active, passive and integrated systems was estimated. For the integrated system, the influence of the active system on the passive system performance was explicitly modeled in each case. The integrated system resulted in 50% (95% confidence interval: 30-70%) greater effectiveness than the active countermeasure in reducing the number of pedestrians sustaining severe (AIS3+) head injuries, and 90% (95% CI: 50-150%) greater effectiveness than the passive countermeasure. Integrated systems of passive and active pedestrian countermeasures offer a considerably increased potential for head injury reduction compared to either of the two systems alone.     

内蒙古自治区地质灾害与地质环境的关系分析

地质灾害的形成受地质环境条件中多种要素的综合控制,二者之间密切相关.这些要素包括地形地貌、气象特征、植被生态、地层岩性、地质构造、岩土体类型、人类工程活动.根据内蒙古自治区内地质灾害调查工作的研究程度及区内地质灾害的自身特点,以区内已发生灾害的大量统计数据为基础,定性分析了在何种地质环境条件下,才可能发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷灾害;定量分析了地形坡度、地形高差、沟谷流域特征、降雨量在某一具体分布范围内,才容易发育某种地质灾害;同时论述了人类工程活动对地质灾害的诱发作用.     

火烧对拉萨地区湿草甸湿地土壤养分特征的影响

基于对拉萨地区典型湿草甸火烧样地与对照样地内表层土壤pH、有机质、全量及速效养分含量特征的对比分析,初步探讨了火烧干扰对高原湿草甸表层土壤特征的影响. 结果表明:土壤pH在6.06~6.85之间,火烧干扰导致土壤pH升高;土壤中w(全氮)、w(全钾)分别为2.35~5.34、23.33~28.72g/kg,火烧干扰使其值下降;火烧对土壤中w(全磷)无明显响应;火烧后土壤中w(有机质)(53.97~144.57g/kg)下降,并且与土壤中w(全氮)的变化趋势一致. 土壤中w(速效氮)的季节性差异较大,火烧干扰使生长季初期表层土壤中的w(速效氮)减少,而在生长季旺盛期则增加,w(速效氮)占w(全氮)的比例变化一致;w(速效磷)在2个生长阶段总体增加,占w(全磷)的比例升高,以平地中变化最为明显;w(速效钾)及其占w(全钾)的比例在生长季初期显著增加,后期则下降明显.      

黔东南州森林分类经营的探讨

在回顾森林分类经营发展历程的基础上，结合黔东南州实际指出了黔东南集体林区森林分类区划中应注意的问题，并对不同森林类型的经营管理提出对策。     

生态足迹模型在黔东南州生态可持续性评价中的应用

生态足迹模型由加拿大生态经济学家William Rees于20世纪90年代提出,是一种对全球范围、国家范围乃至区域和城市范围的可持续发展状况进行定量测度的方法。文章结合生态足迹模型的概念和方法,对黔东南苗族侗族自治州2003～2006四年的生态足迹进行了计算,该州2003～2006年的人均生态足迹为1.2005hm2、1.2249hm2、1.2268hm2和1.3226hm2,人均生态赤字为0.3326hm2、0.4873hm2、0.4852hm2和0.5660hm2,说明该州的生态赤字呈逐年上升的趋势,该州的社会经济发展模式处于不可持续的状态。但与贵州省、全国相比较,黔东南自治州在贵州省乃至于全国范围内仍属可持续发展的地区。在此基础上,文章提出了在黔东南苗族侗族自治州实现生态可持续发展的方法和措施。     

Autonomous real-time adaptive management of soil salinity using a receding horizon control algorithm: a pilot-scale demonstration

Soil salinization is a potentially negative side effect of irrigation with reclaimed water. While optimization schemes have been applied to soil salinity control, these have typically failed to take advantage of real-time sensor feedback. This study incorporates current soil observation technologies into the optimal feedback-control scheme known as Receding Horizon Control (RHC) to enable successful autonomous control of soil salinization. RHC uses real-time sensor measurements, physically-based state prediction models, and optimization algorithms to drive field conditions to a desired environmental state by manipulating application rate or irrigation duration/frequency. A simulation model including the Richards equation coupled to energy and solute transport equations is employed as a state estimator. Vertical multi-sensor arrays installed in the soil provide initial conditions and continuous feedback to the control scheme. An optimization algorithm determines the optimal irrigation rate or frequency subject to imposed constraints protective of soil salinization. A small-scale field test demonstrates that the RHC scheme is capable of autonomously maintaining specified salt levels at a prescribed soil depth. This finding suggests that, given an adequately structured and trained simulation model, sensor networks, and optimization algorithms can be integrated using RHC to autonomously achieve water reuse and agricultural objectives while managing soil salinization.     

湘西州低碳经济发展路径研究

低碳经济已成为区域可持续发展的必然选择,发展低碳经济对湘西州转变发展方式具有重要的现实意义,是提升湘西州经济发展效益、转变发展方式、优化产业结构和抓住发展机遇的需要.针对湘西发展低碳经济面临的制约要素,可从宣传低碳消费理念、调整优化产业结构、构筑低碳技术创新体系、加强低碳人才培样和完善低碳政策体系等方面进行解决.     

内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区的有效管理分析

以内蒙古自治区内22个国家级自然保护区管理状况的评估结果为基础,从评估赋分表所涉及的10项评估指标入手,分析内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理活动的整体特征、区域差异和自然保护区有效管理的影响因素。结果表明,内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理评估平均得分为79分,整体处于良的等级,仍有较大的提升空间;自治区东部地区的自然保护区管理水平略高于西部地区,但两者之间差异未达显著水平。加强日常管护是提升内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理水平的首要任务,自然保护区的能力建设、机构设置和人员配置、保护对象动态变化、规划制定与执行和基础设施建设等因素对自然保护区的有效管理有显著影响。     

放牧阉牦牛提前出栏甲烷排放强度减排潜力探讨

以阉牦牛提前出栏项目活动为例,按照2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单优良做法指南的计量方法,在同等牧草利用量的前提下,分别对4岁和7岁阉牦牛一生CH4排放总量和单位体重CH4排放量(即排放强度)进行了初步比较分析.发现在同等牧草利用量的基础上,由于饲养一头7岁阉牦牛一生所消耗的牧草量相当于可饲养2.1头4岁的阉牦牛所消耗的牧草量,所以从CH4排放总量而言,前者一生排放CH4总量比后者少86.3 kg.然而,由于后者总体重比前者重192 kg,所以,后者的单位体重CH4排放强度(以CH4/体重计)只有0.973 kg·kg-1,而前者为1.374 kg·kg-1.根据排放强度的概念,在同等牧草消耗量的基础上,如果将一头7岁阉牦牛替代成饲养2.1头4岁的阉牦牛,可以多生产192 kg的活体重,在同样生产192 kg活重的基础上,利用替代法估算后者饲养方式比前者饲养方式可以实现77 kg CH4减排量,即相当于总减排1.6 t CO2当量.因此,基于排放强度减排而不是总量减排的概念,提前出栏有较大的CH4减排潜力.