催化剂的发动机台架快速老化试验研究

本文介绍了建立一个与汽车排放净化催化剂实际老化效果相一致的发动机台架试验快速老化循环方法 ,并讨论了我们在试验室中建立的催化剂的快速老化循环方法步骤和结果。     

Characterisation and determination of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden

The concentrations of semi-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hydrocarbons (HCs), particulate matter (PM 1, 2.5 and 10 μm) and total suspended particles (TSPs) were measured in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden. Emission factors (EFs) were also calculated. These variables are assumed to provide good estimates of average vehicle emissions, since all types of vehicle, using all types of fuel, pass through this tunnel. It was shown that the majority of particle-associated PAHs were found on particles with an aerodynamic diameter of <1 μm. The concentrations of PAHs were one order higher in magnitude in air samples from the tunnel than in air samples at two urban locations. However, the PAH profiles of air samples from the tunnel and the urban sites were similar. This was demonstrated using principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, and notably, there was no significant change in the total emissions when the proportion of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) increased from 8% to 24%. Previously, diesel vehicles had been found to release larger quantities of PAHs and related substances. Advances in fuel quality, and HDV motor and exhaust system design during the last decade may have contributed to this promising result. However, it was shown, using partial least squares regression to latent structures (PLS), that some of the parameters measured displayed correlations with the proportions of HDVs and light-duty vehicles (LDVs). Concentrations of total HCs, TSPs, dibenzothiopene, phenantrene, anthracene and monomethyl-derivatives of phenantrene and anthracene were all correlated to the proportion of HDVs. The concentrations of naphthalene, some mono- and dimethylnaphthalenes and most large PAHs (with 5–7 fused rings) were correlated to the proportion of LDVs.     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)减少重载柴油机烟度排放的试验研究

在一台满足国三排放法规要求的重载车用增压中冷电控单体泵柴油机上,将其改造成柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)发动机并进行台架试验.利用电控单元控制向进气歧管喷射的甲醇量及其喷射时刻,原柴油机供油系统保持不变.试验主要研究在稳定工况时,不同的负荷以及不同的甲醇对柴油的比例情况下,经催化转化后发动机干炭烟烟度(415烟度)和不透光烟度(439烟度)排放的情况.试验结果表明,在燃用现有市售的燃油条件下,与原机相比,相同工况下采用DMCC的干炭烟烟度和不透光烟度都有大幅度的减少.干炭烟的最大降幅达95%,平均降幅达到50%以上.在柴油喷射量不变的情况下,增加甲醇喷射量,干炭烟烟度会持续减小,而不透光烟度呈先减少后增加的趋势.同负荷时的甲醇对柴油替代率为44.88%到56.73%时,不透光烟度存在最低点,并且发动机的烟度排放存在最优值.在同一工况下,随着柴油对甲醇的比例增加,发动机的干炭烟烟度和不透光烟度排放都逐渐增加.     

橡胶密封件加速老化试验影响因素分析及验证

通用的橡胶材料加速老化试验方法未考虑初始压缩率、密封形式、密封介质等工程应用的细节因素。通过一系列对比试验,初步掌握了上述各因素对橡胶密封件加速老化试验结论的影响程度,为工程实践中科学评估装备贮存寿命提供了依据。     

深圳市典型混合功能区PM2.5源解析研究

为精准识别深圳市典型商业、居住与工业混合功能区的PM_2.5污染来源,选取深圳市北部地区5个点位于2017年9月~2018年8月全年进行PM_2.5的样品采集和组分分析,利用优化的多元线性引擎模型（ME-2）对其主要来源及其时空变化特征进行探索.结果显示,研究区域研究时段的大气PM_2.5年均浓度为29.0μg/m³,解析出了SO₂二次转化（19.9%）、机动车（15.1%）、生物质燃烧（11.2%）等10种来源,其中SO₂二次转化、生物质燃烧、NO_x二次转化、VOCs二次转化、工业排放、老化海盐和远洋船舶源具有显著的区域传输特征,而机动车源、燃煤和扬尘具有本地源特征,受到局地排放的影响较大.重污染天气下机动车源、NO_x二次转化、工业排放及生物质燃烧源的增加最为显著,加强这些源的控制是此类混合功能区PM_2.5污染精细化防治的关键.     

基于工况变化的港作拖轮排放特性

利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）对一艘港作拖轮船进行了在变工况航行作业下的排放试验,研究了该船舶CO、碳氢化合物（THC）和NO_x的瞬态特性、颗粒物粒径分布特性、主机在不同工况下的排放因子.结果表明：拖轮主机在日常航行工况和不同发动机负荷下,颗粒物排放粒径呈单峰或双峰分布,第一峰值粒径在30~40nm之间,第二峰值粒径为191.1nm;CO和THC在进港返航工况下基于油耗排放因子显著高于其他工况,NO_x、颗粒物（PM）和颗粒物数量（PN）在离港返航时排放因子高于其他工况;各排放污染物在正顶作业时基于距离的排放因子高于其他工况;CO和THC基于功率的排放因子在正顶作业工况下最高,最高值分别为4.10和1.20g/（kW·h）,NO_x、PM、PN排放因子在倒拖作业工况下最高,最高值分别为10.28g/（kW·h）,0.28g/（kW·h）和13.97×10¹⁴个/（kW×h）.     

大尺寸液体火箭发动机机架振动试验加载装置设计

目的设计大尺寸液体火箭发动机机架振动试验加载装置,使该型号发动机机架可顺利完成振动试验考核。方法在满足连接强度基础上,合理设计加载装置的加强筋等结构的布局,并通过有限元计算方法对加载装置进行优化设计,进一步提高加载装置一阶固有频率。结果设计完成了振动试验加载装置,并在该型号机架振动试验中得到了工程应用。结论加载装置一阶固有频率较高,完全满足振动试验加载要求。     

缸内漏气对柴油机性能影响研究

目的研究柴油机缸内漏气状况对柴油机动力输出性能的影响。方法针对150 mm缸径单缸柴油机,采用加装模拟漏气装置以及在GT-suit中建立模拟漏气的单缸机工作过程仿真模型的方式,研究不同漏气面积开度对单缸柴油机缸内最大爆发压力、功率以及有效比油耗的影响。结果在同一工况下,随着模拟漏气装置开度的增加,单缸机的最大爆发压力的最大降幅为7.22%,功率的最大降幅为7.02%,燃油消耗率的最大增幅为5.70%。结论在同一工况下,随着模拟漏气装置开度的增加,单缸柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和功率随之显著下降,有效比油耗上升。     

Raman spectroscopy of diesel and gasoline engine-out soot using different laser power

We studied engine-out soot samples collected from a heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine and port-fuel injection gasoline spark-ignition engine. The two types of soot samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy with different laser powers. A Matlab program using least-square-method with trust-region-reflective algorithm was developed for curve fitting. A DOE (design of experiments) method was used to avoid local convergence. The method was used for two-band fitting and three-band fitting. The fitting results were used to determine the intensity ratio of D (for “Defect” or “Disorder”) and G (for “Graphite”) Raman bands. It is found that high laser power may cause oxidation of soot sample, which gives higher D/G intensity ratio. Diesel soot has consistently higher amorphous/graphitic carbon ratio, and thus higher oxidation reactivity, compared to gasoline soot, which is reflected by the higher D/G intensity ratio in Raman spectra measured under the same laser power.     

废气再循环系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响

为进一步优化柴油机燃烧过程,减少燃烧污染物排放.围绕EGR（exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环技术）废气组分和废气温度等系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响机制,采用试验与模拟相结合方法,分别研究了通入废气、N₂、CO₂时以及不同EGR废气温度时对柴油机燃烧过程的影响,阐明了燃烧关键中间产物的生成规律.结果表明,①通入CO₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最低,滞燃期最长,燃烧持续期最短,·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·和CO等关键中间组分的生成规律与通入N₂时相反.②通入N₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最高,滞燃期最短,燃烧持续期最长并;并且通入N₂时,·OH的峰值最高,形成时刻最早,H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低且形成时刻提前.③随着废气温度增加,缸内最大爆发压力降低,放热率曲线由单峰向双峰分布发展,放热率峰值有较大幅度的降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续延长,缸内·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低,并且生成的区域范围变窄.④废气成分中,CO₂对燃烧过程和关键中间产物的影响最大,是阻滞燃烧反应的主要气体成分,通过控制EGR废气成分和温度可以有效改善柴油机燃烧过程,拓宽EGR技术的工况使用范围.研究显示,EGR废气成分对燃烧中间产物的自由基衍化历程影响较大,有必要进一步开展EGR废气成分预处理研究,精确控制EGR废气温度,有助于改善燃烧过程,控制排放污染物中间产物的生成历程和排放量.